ࡱ> x 9 RdDbjbjoAi lFZ44bbbhʋd.d$ ԕԕfDPRRRRRR$ vݘݘݘvcԕԕ7.cccݘ*ԕԕPcݘPccM0Tԕ d|bK7$TeH8Tc0WxNzz5uxsXxvz[ Seasonal behavior of meteor radar winds over Wuhan Guangxin Zhao1,2,3, Libo Liu1, Weixing Wan1, Baiqi Ning1, and Jiangang Xiong1 1 Division of Geomagnetism and Space Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China 2 Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, CAS, Wuhan, 430071, China 3 Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Received March 23, 2004; Revised November 9, 2004; Accepted November 10, 2004) A newly installed meteor radar has been installed to measure winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) over Wuhan (114.4%E, 30.6%N). In the present study, a database of the first 25 months (February 2002 February 2004) of observations has been analyzed to investigate the climatology of mean winds and tides. The daily average zonal wind is charactered by a strong shear in solstices and an intense eastward flow in summer. The daily average meridional wind is northward in winter and southward in other seasons. There are some discrepancies between the radar mean winds and the HWM93 model winds. The summer zonal winds and meridional winds from the model are obviously weaker than our observations. The analysis on tides indicates that the diurnal tide is dominant at Wuhan. The seasonal variability is observed in both the diurnal and semidiurnal tidal amplitudes with the maximum values occurring usually near the equinoxes. Compared with the Global Scale Wave Model (GSWM00), the observed results generally show a smaller diurnal tidal amplitude and a larger semidiurnal tidal amplitude. Key words: Meteor radar, mean winds, tides, MLT dynamics. The terdiurnal tide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Wuhan (30%N, 114%E) Guangxin Zhao1,2,3, Libo Liu1, Baiqi Ning1, Weixing Wan1, and Jiangang Xiong1 1 Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China 2 Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China 3 Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (Received August 25, 2004; Revised April 18, 2005; Accepted April 18, 2005) Winds measured by an all-sky meteor radar have been used to investigate the terdiurnal tide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region overWuhan (30.6%N, 114.4%E). We present a climatology of the terdiurnal tide at low-mid latitude site during the period of April 2002 to December 2004. The terdiurnal peak is distinct in the long-term power spectrum of the wind. The monthly and seasonal mean maximum amplitudes have values of 7 m/s and 5 m/s, respectively. The short-term amplitudes can occasionally reach up to 30 m/s, and at times the terdiurnal tide is as large as the diurnal and semidiurnal ones. It seems that the meridional component is more regular than the zonal one. An obvious annual variation is observed in the meridional phases with a phase leading in winter than that in summer. The annual variation for the terdiurnal tidal amplitude is not obvious, and is variable from year to year in our observations. This seasonal trend is slightly different from earlier studies at other locations. Key words: Meteor radar, terdiurnal tide, mesospheric dynamics, nonlinear interaction. Responses of equatorial anomaly to the ctober"November 2003 superstorms B. Zhao1,2,3,W.Wan1, and L. Liu1 1 Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 2 Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China 3 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Received: 8 May 2004 Revised: 2 December 2004 Accepted: 16 December 2004 Published: 30 March 2005 Abstract. The responses of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) to the superstorms of October"November 2003 were investigated using the total electron content (TEC) measured with global positioning system (GPS) receivers in China, Southeast Asia, Australian (CSAA), and the American regions. Enhanced EIA was seen to be correlated with the southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field Bz. In both the CSAA and American regions, EIA was intensified, corresponding to a large increase in the F-layer peak height (hmF2) measured by ionosonde and digisonde at middle and equatorial latitudes. However, the enhanced EIA was shown to be more significant during the daytime in the American region, which was associated with a series of large substorms when Bz was stable southward. The prompt penetration electric field and the wind disturbances dynamo electric field are suggested to be responsible for this observation according to current theory, although some features cannot be totally decipherable. Both the ionogram and magnetometer data show the existence of a weak shielding effect whose effect still needs further study. A clear asymmetric ionospheric response was shown in our TEC observations, even though it was only one month after autumnal equinox. The southern EIA crest was totally obliterated on 29 and 30 October in the CSAA region and on 31 October in the American region. Ion temperatures from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft revealed that the unequal energy injection at the polar region might be the reason for this effect. It is concluded that different physical processes have varying degrees of importance on the evolution of EIA in the CSAA and American regions. Keywords. Ionosphere (Equatorial ionosphere; Ionospheremagnetosphere interactions; Ionospheric disturbances) Lunar tidal winds in the mesosphere over Wuhan and Adelaide Xiaojuan Niua,b,c, Jiangang Xionga, Weixing Wana, Baiqi Ninga, Libo Liua, R.A. Vincentd, I.M. Reidd a Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, P.R. China b Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan430071,P.R.China c Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China d Department of Physics and Mathematical physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SouthAustralia, Australia Received 14 October 2004; received in revised form 18 August 2005; accepted 18 August 2005 Abstract Based on measurements made from 2002 to 2003 in the 8098 km region by the Wuhan meteor radar (31_N, 114_E) and winds observed simultaneously by the Adelaide MF radar (35_S, 138_E), the amplitude and phase of the lunar semidiurnal tide are computed and compared. There is a clear seasonal variation at both stations. A northward amplitude maximum in February is evident over Adelaide and in April over Wuhan, but the eastward amplitude maximizes in January over Wuhan and in October over Adelaide. The height variation of phase displays a 3 1 lunar hour difference, with the eastward component leading the northward component for most months at Adelaide and eastward wind lagging the northward wind at Wuhan. Comparisons of phases between Wuhan and Adelaide suggest that an anti-symmetric tide may be dominant in March, April, June and July and a symmetric tide in January, September and December. _ 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Lunar tides; Lunar semidiurnal tide; Mesosphere The 16-day waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Wuhan (30.6_N, 114.5_E) and Adelaide (35_S, 138_E) Guo-ying Jianga,b,c, Jian-Gang Xiong , Wei-Xing Wana, Bai-Qi Ninga, Li-Bo Liua, R.A. Vincentd, I. Reid a Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, PR China b Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 71010, Wuhan 430071, PR China c Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China d Department of Physics and Mathematical Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia Received 14 October 2004; received in revised form 2 March 2005; accepted 2 March 2005 Abstract Winds from a meteor radar at Wuhan (30.6_N, 114.5_E) and a MF radar at Adelaide (35_S, 138_E) are used to study the 16-day waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). The height range is 7898 km at Wuhan and 7098 km at Adelaide. By comparison, it is found that the zonal components at both sites are generally larger than the meridional ones, and eastward motion of the zonal background winds is favorable for the 16-day waves penetration to the MLT region. The zonal maximum amplitude appears in the autumn (SeptemberOctober) around 8698 km at Wuhan and in the winter months and early spring (JulyOctober) around 7282 km at Adelaide. Differences are found in wave amplitudes and time of appearance between the two years of 2002 and 2003. In 2003, the intensity of the wave amplitudes is relatively smaller than that for 2002 at both sites. The summer 16-day waves are comparatively weaker at Adelaide in both years, but stronger in 2002 at Wuhan near the mesopause and the lower thermosphere (8698 km). The strong summer waves at Wuhan may come from the winter southern hemisphere. _ 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: 16-day waves; Mesosphere and lower thermosphere; Planetary wave Statistical characteristics of the total ion density in the topside ionosphere during period 1996-2004 by using Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis Biqiang Zhao 1, 2, 3, Weixing Wan 1, Libo Liu 1, Xinan Yue 1, 2, 3 and Sarita Venkatraman4 1 Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 2 Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China 3 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 4 William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson Abstract. We have applied the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to examine the climatology of the total ion density Ni at 840 km during the period 1996-2004 obtained from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecrafts. The data set for each of the local time (0930 LT and 2130 LT) is decomposed into a time mean plus the sum of EOF bases Ei of space multiplied by time-varying EOF coefficients Ai. Physical explanations are made on the first three EOFs which together can capture more than 95% of total variance of the original data set. Results show that the dominant mode that controls the Ni variability is the solar EUV flux, which is consistent with the results of Rich et al. (2003). The second EOF, associated with the solar declination, presents an annual (summer to winter) asymmetry that is caused by the transequatorial winds. The semiannual variation that appears in the third EOF for the evening sector is interpreted as both, the effects of the equatorial electric fields and wind patterns. Both the annual and semiannual variations are modulated by the solar flux, which has a close relationship with the O+ composition. The quick convergence of the EOF expansion makes it very convenient to construct an empirical model for the original data set. The modeled results show that the accuracy of the prediction depends mainly on the first principal component which has a close relationship with the solar EUV flux. Key words: ionosphere (Equatorial ionosphere; Modeling and forecasting; Solar radiation and cosmic ray effectts ) fkIl NzzMLT -NQ1 6elvAmf‰Km YV 1 2 3 q^R1 NkSf1 [~vP1 Rzl1 1 -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtxvz@bSN100029 2 -NVyf[bfkIlirtNpef[xvz@b 3 -NVyf[bxvzub Xd )R(ufkIlAmf2002t^2g20e2003t^11g10ev‰Kmpenc xvzNfkIl Nzz-NB\NNOpB\(MLT)-NvQ16el sShTgV(W12 20)YvLfl0 Rg~ghf 16elv~TbR8^k~TbR:_ (1)(W2002t^T2003t^ l/cE^g:_Qs(WS_t^vyc[(~9g10eN10g10e)Lomb Scargle(L S)1Rg_0R/cE^g'Yf0WQ\2 yr'Yf[5uyB\F:S[8^lcvgNOZؚh FT5uyB\I{He\ؚhpFvSϑ_N gN[q_T N@wϑvX'Yُyq_T\O(u_NOXR3 yr'Yf[5uyB\vQ[Sϑq_Tu1_bl gq_T0,ge:N yr'Yf)YlNN[5uyB\vq_T;NegꁎNRRǏ z yr+R/fyr'YfoSvbv4Ov'Yl͑Rl0noPllTLflI{hTg'Y:\^Ǐ zv\O(u0 sQ.͋ yr'Yf5uyB\SSe^SRl The frequency variation of Pc5 ULF waves during a magnetic storm Du1 ,W.Sun2, W.Xu1 , and X. Gao3 1 Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 2 Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks 3 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (Received September 3, 2004; Revised May 30, 2005; Accepted May 30, 2005) Abstract The relationship between Pc5 ULF waves and the asymmetric ring current during the magnetic storm on July 15, 2000 is studied using ground-based magnetometer data and particle observations by the LANL satellite. A frequency decreases of Pc5 is noted during the main phase, which can be attributed to injections of heavier ions (O+ and He+) into the ring current. In addition, it is observed that during the main phase of the storm, the frequency drop of the Pc5 in the IMAGE chain around the MLT midnight is larger than that in the ALASKA chain at MLT post noon.. Meanwhile, the longitudinal variation of H with the maximum around midnight implies a highly asymmetric distribution of the ring current. These results suggested that the frequency variation of Pc5 pulsation during storms is related to the partial distribution in the ring current. 0Wtm~gNǏ zxvz[ A detailed receiver function image of the sedimentarystructure in the Bohai Bay Basin Tianyu Zheng, Liang Zhao, Ling Chen Seismic Laboratory (SKL-LE), Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Deshengmenwai, Qijiahuozi, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China Received 5 January 2005; received in revised form 28 April 2005; accepted 3 June 2005 Abstract If the site at which receiver functions are constructed is filled by sediments, then the waveforms from these receiver functions are dominantly controlled by the sedimentary structures within the first few seconds after the direct P arrival. Based on this observation, waveform data collected at 44 temporary seismic stations have been used to image the sedimentary structure of the Bohai Bay Basin, a major continental petroliferous basin in Eastern China. An adapted hybrid global waveform inversion method was applied to the receiver functions to extract structural information beneath each of the stations. The derived S-velocity structure provides for the first time, a basin-scale seismic image of detailed sedimentary stratification. The sedimentary cover of the basin is about 212 km thick, consisting of Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic strata from top to bottom. The structural features presented in the S-velocity image coincide quite well with the depressionuplift type of tectonic system in the Bohai Bay Basin. The reconstructed morphology of the sedimentary layers provides seismological evidence for the two-stage evolution of the intracontinental basin that were caused by an intensive tectonic regime transition in late Mesozoic immediately following the lithospheric reforming of the Eastern China continent. 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Receiver function; Sedimentary structure; Global inversion; Bohai Bay Basin Seismic structure of the Bohai Bay Basin, northern China:Implications for basin evolution Liang Zhao, Tianyu Zheng Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qijiahuozi, Deshengmenwai, Chaoyang District, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, PR China Received 1 July 2004; received in revised form 28 November 2004; accepted 20 December 2004 Available online 1 February 2005 Editor: R.D. van der Hilst Abstract As part of an extensive seismic research program, 33 portable broadband seismic stations were deployed along a line crossing the Bohai Bay Basin, northern China. Three teleseismic events were selected to constrain the seismic structure along a ~280 km profile across the western edge of the basin. We determined the basin structure that described the observed shear horizontal (SH) wave field. The synthetic SH wave was calculated using a finite difference (FD) method with its computational domain localized in the basin area and input motions at the base of the model extrapolated from the displacement recorded at a nearby hard-rock station. Synthetic seismographs calculated for the models match the observations well in both waveform and travel time. Numerical tests indicate that the structural features of the preferred models are well resolved. The analysis of relations between structures and stratigraphic units along the cross sections allows multiple deformational events in the basin to be inferred. In conjunction with a profile across the southern edge that has been presented previously by Zhao et al. [14] [L. Zhao, T.Y. Zheng, W.W. Xu, Modeling the Jiyang depression, Northern China, using a wave field extrapolation FD method and waveform inversion, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 94 (2004) 9881001], the results reveal basin-wide extension with local inversion features in the Bohai Bay basin. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cenozoic; SH wave modeling; basin seismology; sedimentary basin structure Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 151 (2005) 309319 Anisotropy of akimotoite: A molecular dynamics study Yigang Zhang, Dapeng Zhao, Masanori Matsui a State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China b Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan c School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1K outo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan Received 25 November 2004; received in revised form 18 April 2005; accepted 22 April 2005 Abstract Elastic constants of akimotoite at high-temperatures and pressures are calculated by using molecular dynamics simulations to study the anisotropic properties of akimotoite. We find that akimotoite becomes more anisotropic with increasing temperature but less with increasing pressure. On the (0 0 1) face, S-wave splitting and azimuthal anisotropy will occur simultaneously while the P-wave velocity remains almost constant. Polarization directions of the two S-waves are neither strictly perpendicular nor parallel to the crystallographic face. The polarization direction of the fast S-wave is more parallel with the plane than that of the slow S-wave for all wave propagation directions. On the (1 0 0) face, no S-wave splitting will occur for waves passing along the crystallographic c-axis, and the P-wave velocity along the axis is smaller than that in other directions. Polarization anisotropy changes its sign with the variation of wave propagation directions, giving rise to the dependence of the relative magnitude of VSH and VSV on the seismic wave propagation directions.We further calculate the anisotropic properties of a mineral assemblage containing ringwoodite, akimotoite, and Ca perovskite to infer the effect that akimotoite may have on the anisotropy of the lower portion of the mantle transition zone.We find that the mineral assemblage is much less anisotropic than akimotoite, but possesses many anisotropy features of akimotoite. Comparison of the anisotropy features with seismological observations indicates that a vertical flow direction is required in areas close to the subduction zones, which may be caused by the downward penetration of slabs to the lower mantle as well as upwelling of fluids and light materials in the mantle wedge associated with deep dehydration reactions of the slabs. Rock magnetic studies on the hominoid-bearing sediments at Zhupeng, Yuanmou Basin, southwestern China and its paleoclimatic significance  HYPERLINK "mailto:yhtymg@mail.igcas.ac.cn" YAO Haitao1 Liu Qingsong1,2 L Lianqing1 Chang Zhigang1 Zhu Rixiang11 Paleomagnetism Laboratory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing100029,China 2 Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Geophysics, University of Cali-fornia, Santa Cruz,CA95064,USAAbstract It has been proposed that paleoclimatic changes and tectonic events strongly affect hominoid evolution. The Zhupeng section at Yuanmou Basin, southwestern China, with the hominoid-bearing fluvial-lacustrine sediments, is an ideal natural laboratory to test this hypothesis. This study provided an integrated magnetic study, including low-frequency susceptibility, the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibil-ity, temperature-dependent susceptibility, hysteresis loops, isothermal remanent magnetization, and anhysteretic rema-nent magnetization, on samples from the Baozidongqing section at Zhupeng. Results show that the dominant mag-netic carrier is hematite, with minor amount of magnetite. Both the composition and concentration of magnetic miner-als strongly correlate with the lithostratigraphy. At least eight short-term events defined by higher concentrations of magnetite were identified. These short events reflect that the subtropical dry-hot climate is similar to todays climate. Basing on the lithostratigraphic and rock magnetic results, we suggest that Yuanmou Basin was in a steady deposition environment from about 11 to 7 Ma, which is characterized by alternating of long-term torrid-humid climate and short-term dry-hot climate. Our study provides invaluable environment information for understanding the climate shift and the relationship between paleoenvironment and homi-noid evolution in southwestern China during late Miocene. INCLUDEPICTURE "D:\\0Wtm\\Science in China Press.files\\arrow1.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET KeywordsYuanmou Basin, hominoid, late Miocene, rock magnetism, paleoclimate. The distribution of the poisson s ratio in the northwest boundary of the Bohai Bay Basin Xu Wei-Wei, Zheng Tian-Yu Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Abstract The poissons ratio, an important parameter to understand the interior of the earth, can be dertermined from the ratio of P- to S- seismic wave velocity. Teleseismic P waveform contains much information about P-s converted wave and its multiples from the discontinuities in the crust and the mantle, which can be used to acquire the average thickness and poissons ratio of the crust by H-k stacking method[7]. Data from 68 broadband seismic stations located in the northwest boundary of the Bohai Bay Basin are processed, and the distribution of the average crustal thickness and poissons ratio is got. We find that there is a distinct differentiation of the poissons ratio in the study area. The distribution of the poissons ratio in the flank of the mountain is rather uniform, while in the flank of the basin, more variable. The comparison between the poissons ratio and the surface geology manifests that there is an apparent response in the lower crust by the intense extension of the Bohai Bay basin during the Cenozoic. The poissons ratio deduced from the seismology can be used to constrain the compostion of the crust in the study area. Keywords:The poissonratio,The crustal thickness,Receiver function Magnetostratigraphic dating of the Donggutuo and Maliang Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan Basin, North China Hongqiang Wanga, Chenglong Denga, Rixiang Zhua, Qi Weib, Yamei Houb, Eric Boe dac A Paleomagnetism and Geochronology Laboratory (SKL-LTE), Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China B Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China C Maison de LArcheologie et de lEthnologie, Universite Paris X, Nanterre 92023, France Received 3 September 2004 Available online 23 May 2005 Abstract A detailed magnetostratigraphic investigation, coupled with rock-magnetic studies, was carried out on a lacustrine sequence in the eastern Nihewan Basin, Northern China, which contains the Donggutuo and Maliang Paleolithic sites. Magnetite and hematite were identified as the main carriers for the characteristic remanent magnetizations. Magnetostratigraphic results show that the lacustrine sequence recorded the late Matuyama and Brunhes chrons. Furthermore, the Maliang artifact layer occurs just below the Brunhes/Matuyama boundary, and the Donggutuo artifact layer is just below the Jaramillo onset. Therefore, the age of the Maliang and Donggutuo artifact layers can be definitely estimated to be about 0.78 myr and 1.1 myr, respectively. These two paleomagnetic ages, coupled with previously obtained paleomagnetic data of the Majuangou, Xiaochangliang, Banshan, Lantian, and Xihoudu Paleolithic sites, suggest an expansion and lengthy flourishing of human groups from northern to north-central China during the entire Early Pleistocene. D 2005 University of Washington. All rights reserved. Keywords: Magnetostratigraphy; Paleolithic site; Pleistocene; Donggutuo; Maliang; Nihewan Basin; North China 40Ar/39Ar t^Nf[VEVQh7hv[kh[ s^ :`[ 1geey Qhwmn spQ hgRdW (-NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b, SN 100029) Xd [V*N40Ar/39Art^Km[-N8^(uvVEh7hGa1550MMhb-1,Lp-6, Bern 4M(NGa1550:NWQ7h)TN*NVQh7hBT-1(NLp-6:NWQ7h)ۏLN[kh[. N T7hϑv͑ YKmՋNMMhb-17hT NGWS'`,_0RN7hTvt^s^GW20 mT) was sensitive in eliminating MD contributions. Ratio of pARM(5 mT, 10 mT)/pARM(0, 5 mT) is useful in quantifying a relative abundance of mass ratio between SD and MD fractions. These new proxies can quickly characterize the details of grain size distribution of magnetic minerals in paleoclimatic and paleomagnetic studies. )R(uv[YRf[:_^Km[1998t^5g11epS^8hrvS_ϑ uޏ skSl NgZ Y/ctQ -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b, SN, 100029 Xd 8hrS_ϑ/f8hՋv͑SpeKNN0Y0Wf[[[1998t^5g11e(WpS^vPokhran0W:Sv8hՋPOK2 ۏLxvz ~QN12~60KtvS_ϑ0O я5 Pv0OOP]_wN:N^lvsQl0WNhQtpeW[0WSQ[&^SOlDe bNǏlb_So{I{Hen!jWSpe SbYRf[:_^ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 0yr_s EMBED Equation.DSMT4 0NSnm^ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 TPl(W1uhbvS\|pe EMBED Equation.DSMT4  v^)R(uv[vYRf[:_^0O{NPOK2NNvS_ϑ0bNSsLay [1](WVNevadaՋ:WNTS _vv[YRf[:_^NS_ϑv~lQ_fTpS^8hՋS_ϑ0O v^ncdk{Nُ!kՋvS_ϑ~36CS(TKt 0ُN~g/ec1998t^5g11epS^8hՋv;`S_ϑNON60Ktv‰p0 sQ.͋ 8hrS_ϑ v[YRf[:_^ lb_So Water content in the transition zone from electrical conductivity of wadsleyite and ringwoodite Xiaoge Huang1,2, Yousheng Xu2 ,Shun-ichiro Karato2 1 Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 2 Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA Abstract The distribution of water in the Earths interior reflects the way in which the Earth has evolved, and has an important influence on its material properties. Minerals in the transition zone of the Earths mantle (from ,410 to ,660 km depth) have large water solubility13, and hence it is thought that the transition zone might act as a water reservoir. When the water content of the transition zone exceeds a critical value, upwelling flow might result in partial melting at ,410 km, which would affect the distribution of certain elements in the Earth4. However, the amount of water in the transition zone has remained unknown. Here we determined the effects of water and temperature on the electrical conductivity of the minerals wadsleyite and ringwoodite to infer the water content of the transition zone.We find that the electrical conductivity of these minerals depends strongly on water content but only weakly on temperature. By comparing these results with geophysically inferred conductivity57, we infer that the water content in the mantle transition zone varies regionally, but that its value in the Pacific is estimated to be ,0.10.2wt%. These values significantly exceed the estimated critical water content in the upper mantle3,8,9, suggesting that partial melting may indeed occur at ,410 km depth, at least in this region. Geophys. J. Int. (2005) 160, 101113 Palaeomagnetic investigation on EarlyMiddle Triassic sediments of the North China block: a new Early Triassic palaeopole and its tectonic implications Baochun Huang, Ruiping Shi, Yongcheng Wang and Rixiang Zhu Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China. E-mail: bchuang@mail.igcas.ac.cn Accepted 2004 September 27. Received 2004 September 3; in original form 2003 August 8 Abstract Palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic study is reported of EarlyMiddle Triassic terrestrial sediments from the Jiaocheng and Yushe areas, Shanxiprovince. Thermomagnetic analysis indicates that magnetite and haematiteare the main magnetic carriers. Thermal demagnetization shows that the majority of Early Triassic specimens from the Jiaocheng area contain anintermediate-temperature component (ITC) between 500 250 ◦Cand a high-temperature component (HTC) between 500680 ◦C. The ITC has a negative fold test and might be a Cretaceous or recent overprint. The HTC contains both normal and reversed polarities with positive fold and C-level reversal tests. We interpret the HTC as primary magnetization.Unfortunately, we failed to isolate a meaningful mean direction from Middle.Triassic rocks of the Yushe area. New Early Triassic palaeopole from the.Jiaocheng area confirms an ∼ 10◦ counter-clockwise displacement of the Taihang Early Triassic palaeopoles relative to their Ordos counterparts. This study thus suggests that the North China block (NCB) has generally behaved as rigid block since the Early Triassic, but there might be an ∼9◦ counter-clockwise rotation of the Taihang terrane with respect to stable NCB in the Late Triassic. The slight rotation of the Taihang terrane does not bear significantly on what has been previously concluded concerning the Mesozoic history of the NCBSouth China block (SCB) collision. However, Triassic palaeomagnetic data from stable NCB indicate that the east end of the NCB and SCB did not undergo large convergence or significant opposite latitudinal displacement after the initial contact at the end of the Late Permian. Key words: North China block (NCB), rotation, Taihang terrane, Triassic,palaeomagnetism. Tectonophysics 409 (2005) 107124 Paleomagnetic and geochronological constraints on the post-collisional northward convergence of the southwest Tian Shan, NW China Baochun Huang a,b,*, John D.A. Piperb, Yongcheng Wang a, Huaiyu Hea, Rixiang Zhua A Paleomagnetism and Geochronology Laboratory (SKL-LE), Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China B Geomagnetism Laboratory, Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK Received 29 April 2005; received in revised form 29 July 2005; accepted 15 August 2005 Available online 18 October 2005 Abstract A combined paleomagnetic and geochronological study is reported of Paleogene basalt lavas and an intercalated red bed succession, comprising a minimum of 14 basalt flows and 10 red bed horizons in the Tuoyun Basin of the southwest Tian Shan Range, China. Two basalt matrix samples yield 40Ar/39Ar isochron ages of 58.5F1.3 Ma (2r, MSWD=0.9) and 60.4F1.3 Ma(2r, MSWD=1.7). These compare well with a previously published KAr dilution age of 61.7F2.3 Ma for comparable Paleogene basalts and confirm that the younger pulse of magmatism in this basin is represented by both intrusive and extrusive activity. Demagnetization and component analysis identify a stable characteristic remanence (ChRM) with predominantly reversed polarity following removal of secondary remanence by peak demagnetization steps below 250350 8C or 5 mT. Rock magnetic analysis identifies pseudo-single domain magnetite or titanomagnetite as carriers. The stable ChRM passes a fold test; it was probably acquired at the time of lava emplacement. Results from the bulk of the collection imply that paleomagnetic data from the upper and lower (~115 Ma) basalt series in the Tuoyun Basin are not distinguishable at the 95% significance level and indicate that this tectonic domain remained essentially stationary with respect to the Earths spin axis for ~50 Ma prior to onset of the India/Asia collision in early Eocene times. It is therefore probable that no paleomagnetically detectable crustal shortening occurred in the southwest Tian Shan prior to collision. Paleomagnetic data sets from the Tuoyun Basin also show that little or no paleolatitude difference is present between the Tian Shan and the reference latitude of Eurasia at ~60 Ma. This supports previous evidence suggesting that central Asian blocks in the vicinity of the Tian Shan are unlikely to have experienced appreciable northward convergence relative to Eurasia since onset of the India/Asia collision and initiation of the Himalaya. Keywords: Tian Shan; Tuoyun Basin; China; Paleomagnetism; 40Ar/ 39Ar dating; Paleogene; Basalt flows; Red beds; Indo-Asian tectonics Precambrian Research 142 (2005) 8392 Paleomagnetism of the Baiyisi volcanic rocks (ca. 740 Ma) of Tarim, Northwest China: A continental fragment of Neoproterozoic Western Australia? Baochun Huanga,*, Bei Xub, Chunxia Zhanga, Yong'an Lic, Rixiang Zhua a Paleomagnetism and Geochronology Laboratory (SKL-LE), Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China b The Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China c Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830000, China Received 19 January 2005; received in revised form 15 June 2005; accepted 13 September 2005 Abstract We report a paleomagnetic pole from the SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dated Baiyisi volcanic rocks in the Xishankou area at the northern edge of the Tarim Block, Northwest China. Rock magnetic and microscopic observations indicate that the characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) isolated by both thermal and alternating-field demagnetization is preserved in original single domain (SD) or pseudo-single domain (PSD) low-titanium titanomagnetite grains. The new paleomagnetic pole (Q= 5) indicates that the Tarim Block was located in equatorial paleolatitudes at ca. 740 Ma and was most likely situated againstWestern Australia during the most of Neoproterozoic and the early Paleozoic. We suggest that the Tarim Block could be a continental fragment rifted from Western Australia during the break-up event of the Rodinia supercontinent at ca. 820750 Ma. Keywords: Tarim Block; Baiyisi volcanic rocks; Rodinia; Paleomagnetism; Reply to comment by Liu and Liu on 40Ar/39Ar dating of ignimbrite from Inner Mongolia, northeastern China, indicates a post-Middle Jurassic age for the overlying Daohugou Bed H. Y. He,1 X. L. Wang,2 Z. H. Zhou,2 R. X. Zhu,1 F. Jin,2 F. Wang,1 X. Ding,3and A. Boven4 Received 22 February 2005; revised 24 April 2005; accepted 5 May 2005; published 30 June 2005. Citation: He, H. Y., X. L. Wang, Z. H. Zhou, R. X. Zhu, F. Jin, F. Wang, X. Ding, and A. Boven (2005), Reply to comment by Liu and Liu on 40Ar/39Ar dating of ignimbrite from Inner Mongolia, northeastern China, indicates a post-Middle Jurassic age for the overlying Daohugou Bed, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12315, doi:10.1029/2005GL022787. Asymmetric flank uplift of the Yinchuan graben, north central China: Implications for lateral variation of crustal rheology from the Alashan to the Ordos Jiankun He Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Yanxing Li First Crustal Deformation Monitoring Center, China Seismological Bureau, Tianjin, China Chunkai Teng Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Abstract The Yinchuan graben in north central China is an intense active zone that is bordered by the Alashan to the west and the Ordos to the east. Analysis of high-resolution digital topography shows that the present elevation on two shoulders of the graben exists drastic contrast (1.52 km). We use two-dimensional finite element modeling to investigate the mechanical relation between crustal rheology and flank uplift of this graben. Models are simplified as an elastoplastic upper crust and a viscoelastic lower crust. Two antithetic faults on the graben's margins are simulated as Coulomb-type frictional zones. Rheological tests show that the asymmetric flank uplift of the graben can be reconciled with lateral variations of crustal rheology; With the lower-crust viscosity of the Ordos being <"1 2 orders greater than that of the Alashan, we predict that even with the same effective friction of the two antithetic faults (0.1), the flank uplift will localize mainly on the west shoulder, consistent with present topographic contrast. This means that the crustal strength of the Alashan is weak relative to the Ordos, resulting in the active deformation and the seismicitybeingoccurred heavily within the Alashan. Effect of H-bond topology on the lifetimes of cagelike water clusters immersed in liquid water and the probability distribution of these lifetimes: Implications for hydrate nucleation mechanisms Guang-Jun Guoa,, Yi-Gang Zhanga, Keith Refsonb A State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, P. R. China B Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom 1 Corresponding author. Fax: +86 10 62007850; E-mail: guogj@mail.igcas.ac.cn Abstract We perform molecular dynamics simulations to study whether the H-bond topology affects the lifetimes of cagelike water clusters immersed in liquid water. Six clusters with H-bond topologies of different energy levels are considered. The lifetimes of each cluster are measured 200 times independently. Statistical analyses show that the H-bond topology has no effect on the lifetimes and the lifetime data obey the lognormal distribution. The implications of these results for the studies on gas hydrate nucleation mechanisms are discussed. Broadband constant-coefficient propagators Li-Yun Fu Abstract The phase error between the real phase shift and the Gazdag background phase shift,due to lateral velocity variations about a reference velocity, can be decomposed into axial and paraxial phase errors. The axial phase error depends only on velocity perturbations and hence can be completely removed by the split-step Fourier method.The paraxial phase error is a cross function of velocity perturbations and propagation angles. The cross function can be approximated with various differential operators by allowing the coefficients to vary with velocity perturbations and propagation angles.These variable-coefficient operators require finite-difference numerical implementation.Broadband constant-coefficient operators may provide an efficient alternative that approximates the cross function within the split-step framework and allows implementation using Fourier transforms alone. The resulting migration accuracy depends on the localization of the constant-coefficient operators. A simple broadband constant-coefficient operator has been designed and is tested with the SEG/EAEG salt model. Compared with the split-step Fourier method that applies to either weakcontrast media or at small propagation angles, this operator improves wavefield extrapolation for large to strong lateral heterogeneities, except within the weak-contrast region.Incorporating the split-step Fourier operator into a hybrid implementation can eliminate the poor performance of the broadband constant-coefficient operator in the weak-contrast region. This study may indicate a direction of improving the split-step.Fourier method, with little loss of efficiency, while allowing it to remain faster than more precise methods such as the Fourier finite-difference method. Geophysical Prospecting, 2005, 53, 299310 Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America Li-Yun Fu Abstract A major impetus to study the topographic scattering effects is because most of our seismic observations are either at or very near to the earths surface. The sensitivity of regional phases to topographic roughness in the crust has been widely observed. Comparisons of several approximation solutions to rough surface scattering are conducted in this study for an analytical description of the close relation of topographic statistics and regional phase attenuation. These approximations include Kirchhoff approximation theory, Taylor expansion-based perturbation theory, twoscale model, Rytov phase approximation, and Born series method, with each valid for a range of roughness scales. Kirchhoff approximation ignores multiple scatterings between any two surface points. In general, it has been considered valid for the largescale roughness components. Perturbation theory based on Taylor series expansion is valid for the small-scale roughness components where the surface heights deviate from a planar at z  0 by less than a wavelength. Rytov phase approximation to large-scale topographic roughness is not subject to the stringent restrictions that apply to the Kirchhoff approximation. Tests with the Gaussian and semicircular convex topographies show that the Rytov approximation improves the Kirchhoff approximation in both amplitude and phase. For a two-scale topography that consists of two extreme roughness components (large and small scales), some assumptions are valid to combine the Kirchhoff and perturbation theories for rough surface scattering. The realistic methods for the multiscale surfaces come with the Born series approximation that accounts for multiple scattering between surface points. For instance, the secondorder Born approximation might be sufficient to guarantee the accuracy for general rough surfaces without infinite gradients and extremely large surface heights. It must be stressed that the approximation solutions described in this article miss the conversion of energy between SH and P-SV waves that is one of the main features of the crustal wave guide in real situations. Extension to the elastic case must be conducted in the future. Rough Surface Scattering: Comparison of Various Approximation Vol. 95, No. 2, pp. 646663, April 2005, Theories for 2D SH Waves 0WT^[Am[hQt\wW^RNuNR^v\O(u s ^ SckN -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b, SN 100029 Xd ,ge)R(uRRf[!jbelxvz0WT^[Am[N'Y:\^\wWQ萔^R:Wb_bv\O(u00WT^ir(Q萄v[^*jT^GWSShbgWWЏR_w0WT^AmR v^(W\wW^萧NuN*N^R:W0勔^R:W\O:NbR\ b\wW,gSb_ N Nu\wWQ萄v^RR^0!jb{~ghf 'YROQ&^S'YFxd&^:SW^RGWHTs$cSyr_ Ys*Ys^ mOQ&^SpS^ 'kNxd&^I{ N*Ys^ m m 0'Y m m SN^ˆ7Y^Rr`GWhs:Nb _v^N~'YYpeppMOnYN^Rb _:SW ُNvMR[hQtg ^Rr`vt/fNv0{v\wWQg'Y4ls^;NS^RveTN‰KmhsQvS_vN vQ~g;`SO N;TT_}Y 6q (W@\:SWOYS*Ys^ mvOQ&^0RυؚSI{0W:SX[(W@w'Yv]_0xvzhf 0WT^[Am/f b\wWQ'Y:\^^Rr`SR^vN*N͑V }0 sQ.͋ \wW 0WT^[Am s*Ys^ mOQ&^ m pp The effects on generation and distribution of global lithospherI cstress field by mantle flow Wang Jian Ye Zheng-Ren Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China Abstract We employ a kinematic simulation method to perform modeling for the global lithospheric stress field induced by mantle flow. The internal density anomalies and surface plates movements both drive the mantle circulation. Mantle flow causes normal stress and tangential stresses at the base of lithosphere, which affect or even lead to lithospheric stress field and lithospheric deformation. Our simulation shows that the agreement between predictions and observations is often good in most regions. Most subduction zone and continental collisions, such as the circum-pacific subduction zone and the collision zone between the India and Eurasia plate, are under compressive. While ocean ridges, such as the east Pacific ridge, the Atlantic ridge and the east African rift valley, are under tensile. And hotspots preferentially occur in regions where calculated stress is tensile. Calculated directions of the most horizontal principal compressive stress are in accord with observed principal stress directions in the mass except for some regions such as the NW-Pacific subduction zone and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Nevertheless, mantel flow plays an important role in causing or affecting the stress field within lithosphere. Keywords Lithosphere, Mantle flow, The circum-pacific subdcution zone, Ridge, Hotspots Y~R)Y6ql4lTir(Wwm^lyB\-N3z[:SSX[(W:SvKm HVy[1, }vfkf2, _eÍ2 1 -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b, SN0100029 2 POlNt]f[b0WtN'Ylyf[|, NyrpQ'Y,V Xd00,gexvzNY~R)Y6ql(Wwm^lyB\-N3z[:STX[(W:SvNNyrp. HQ,QvvSm^vq_T,^zN)Y6ql+T g2upTNp$Ny~Rv4lTirb_bvvSf~,sS)n^TSRsQ|f~, Te_N^zN2upTNp$Ny~R)Y6qln㉦^vRCgsQ|. Џ(u4lTirKm!jW,{NY~R)Y6ql4lTir(Wwm^lyB\-Nv3z[:SSX[(W:S,v^ TUS~Rv2up4lTirv~gۏLN[k. {hf:$Ny~Rv)Y6ql4lTirv3z[:SNUS~R2up4lTirv3z[:S g'Y]+R,ُR_VNNp[vSf~'Yvq_T;S_)Y6qlSm^'YN[^vn㉦^e,4lTir\b_b,1udkQ[NX[(W:SW;3z[:STX[(W:SVS0RNp+Tϑv'Yq_T,v^vX'YRQ\N3z[:SV.gT[2upR+RNvQNlSO(OYN'lSx,YNpTkxS"lI{) ~Tv)Y6ql4lTirb_bv3z[:SVۏLN{vRg. A wave equation migration method for receiver function imaging: 1. Theory Ling Chen Seismological Laboratory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Lianxing Wen Department of Geosciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA Tianyu Zheng Seismological Laboratory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Received 1 February 2005; revised 14 July 2005; accepted 19 August 2005; published 23 November 2005. Abstract A wave equation-based poststack depth migration method is proposed to image the Earths internal structure using teleseismic receiver functions. By utilizing a frequency wave number domain one-way phase screen propagator for wave field extrapolation in the migration scheme, common conversion point (CCP) stacked receiver functions are backward propagated to construct a subsurface structural image. The phase screen propagator migration method takes into account the effects of diffraction, scattering, and travel time alternation caused by lateral heterogeneities, and therefore it is particularly useful for imaging complex structures and deep discontinuities overlain by strong shallow anomalies. Synthetic experiments demonstrate the validity of the migration method for a variety of laterally heterogeneous models. The migrated images show considerable improvement over the CCP images in recovering the model features. Influences of several factors on the image quality of the poststack migration are further investigated, including interstation spacing, noise level of the data, velocity model used in migration, and earthquake distribution (incident direction of source fields). On the basis of the sampling theorem and previous statistic results, we discuss the relation of spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of the migrated image with the frequency of the data, surface station spacing and number of receiver functions used in stacking. We show that both CCP stacking and poststack migration of receiver functions need to be designed in a targetoriented way for reliable and efficient imaging. Our results also suggest that careful consideration of earthquake source distribution is necessary in designing seismic experiments aimed at imaging steeply dipping structures. Citation: Chen, L., L. Wen, and T. Zheng (2005), A wave equation migration method for receiver function imaging: 1. Theory, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B11309, doi:10.1029/2005JB003665. A wave equation migration method for receiver function imaging: 2. Application to the Japan subduction zone Ling Chen Seismological Laboratory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Lianxing Wen Department of Geosciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA Tianyu Zheng Seismological Laboratory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Received 2 February 2005; revised 14 July 2005; accepted 19 August 2005; published 23 November 2005. Abstract The newly developed wave equation poststack depth migration method for receiver function imaging is applied to study the subsurface structures of the Japan subduction zone using the Fundamental Research on Earthquakes and Earths Interior Anomalies (FREESIA) broadband data. Three profiles are chosen in the subsurface imaging, two in northeast (NE) Japan to study the subducting Pacific plate and one in southwest (SW) Japan to study the Philippine Sea plate. The descending Pacific plate in NE Japan is well imaged within a depth range of 50150 km. The slab image exhibits a little more steeply dipping angle (_32_) in the south than in the north (_27_), although the general characteristics between the two profiles in NE Japan are similar. The imaged Philippine Sea plate in eastern SW Japan, in contrast, exhibits a much shallower subduction angle (_19_) and is only identifiable at the uppermost depths of no more than 60 km. Synthetic tests indicate that the top 150 km of the migrated images of the Pacific plate is well resolved by our seismic data, but the resolution of deep part of the slab images becomes poor due to the limited data coverage. Synthetic tests also suggest that the breakdown of the Philippine Sea plate at shallow depths reflects the real structural features of the subduction zone, rather than caused by insufficient coverage of data.Comparative studies on both synthetics and real data images show the possibility of retrieval of fine-scale structures from high-frequency contributions if high-frequency noise can be effectively suppressed and a small bin size can be used in future studies. The derived slab geometry and image feature also appear to have relatively weak dependence on overlying velocity structure. The observed seismicity in the region confirms the geometries inferred from the migrated images for both subducting plates. Moreover, the deep extent of the Pacific plate image and the shallow breakdown of the Philippine.Sea plate image are observed to correlate well with the depth extent of the seismicity beneath NE and SW Japan. Such a correlation supports the inference that the specific appearance of slabs and intermediate-depth earthquakes are a consequence of temperaturedependent dehydration induced metamorphism occurring in the hydrated descending oceanic crust. The crust and upper mantle discontinuity structure beneath Alaska inferred from receiver functions Yinshuang Aia,b, Dapeng Zhaob, Xing Gaoc, Weiwei Xua a Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Deshengmenwai,Qijiahuozi, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China b Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan c Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Deshengmenwai,Qijiahuozi, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China Received 9 August 2004; received in revised form 29 November 2004; accepted 3 December 2004 Abstract In this study, three receiver function stacking methods are used to study the detailed crust and upper mantle structure beneath south-central Alaska. We used teleseismic waveform data recorded by 36 stations in the Broadband Experiment Across the Alaska Range (BEAAR) and 4 permanent stations in Alaska. H" stacking method using P-to-S converted wave and its multiply reflected waves between the Earth s surface and the Moho discontinuity is adopted to estimate the crustal thickness (H) and average crustal VP/VS ratio () in this region. The receiver function results for 24 stations show that the crustal thickness under Alaska ranges from 26.0 to 42.6 km with an average value of 33.8 km, and the VP/VS ratio varies from 1.66 to 1.94 with an average value of 1.81 which corresponds to an average Poissons ratio of 0.277 with a range from 0.216 to 0.320. High Poissons ratios under some stations are possibly caused by partial melting in the crust and the uppermost mantle. Common converted point(CCP) stacking results of receiver functions along three lines show clear Moho and slab images under this subduction zone. The depths of the slab from our CCP stacking images are consistent with those estimated from the Wadati Benioff Zone (WBZ). In the area between two stations DH2 (147.8%W, 63.3%N) and DH3 (147.1%W, 63.0%N), a Moho depth offset of about 10 km is found by both the H" and CCP stacking techniques. Common depth point (CDP) stacking of receiver functions shows not only the 410-, 520- and 660-km discontinuities, but also significant variations ("30 to 15 km) in the transition zone thickness under the southwest and southeast parts of the study region. The transition zone becomes thinner by 20 30 km, indicating that the temperature there is 150 200K higher than that of the normal mantle. 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Receiver functions; Crustal thickness; Poisson s ratio; The upper mantle discontinuities; Alaska 2004t^7g11eυMw6.2~0Wn4xˆǏ zxvz Ng0Z skSl uޏ Y/ctQ -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b,SN0100029 Xd 0WN gPeB\!jW )R(u܏:WSOllb_pencxvzN2004t^7g11eυMW6.2~0Wvn4xˆǏ z0~ghf0W/fN*NN>Pn:N;NvEmnckeB\W0W,nm^:N12.5km eB\bpT152,>P҉44,s^GW>Pn҉11704xˆ(W-NYb8h,6qTN2.8km/svs^GW^T$NO Od,(W-NNNOPS5kmY0Rg'YnR43cm00W;N _RtяE-WeT,SEmNNW-SSEbN-S Tˆ7&^c6R,RυؚSWS萄vQЏR/f_Sُ!k0WvvcSV0 sQ.͋0 gPeB\!jW, n4xˆǏ z, !jbkpSo 2003t^2g24eeu=O^6.5~0Wn4xˆǏ zxvz skSl1 Ng =N2 Y/ctQ1 1-NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b SN 100029 2-NV0W@\Rgb-N_ SN 100036 Xd )R(u-NVpeW[0WSQTIncorporated Research Institutions for Seismology IRIS cOv܏:W[&^PlWTU_ WN gP0WeB\el SoN2003t^2g24eeu=O^6.5~0Wn4xˆǏ z0~ghf ,g!k0W:NS>PNO҉^ zwQ]yRϑvQ4xˆNN eB\bpT273 >P҉28 nm^15km0vQn:g6RN1997~1998t^=O^:_ gf>f:S+R N1996t^?VN0Wvf:ySlbY4xˆ(WzzTe Nv YBg'`0ؚn:SWNYOR^hs:NvsQvsQ|0 sQ.͋ƖƖ0W GPS TMOy 4xˆǏ z !jbkp Mineral magnetic variation of the Jiaodao Chinese loess/paleosol sequence and its bearing on long-term climatic variability Chenglong Deng,1 Natasa J. Vidic,2,3,4 Kenneth L. Verosub,3 Michael J. Singer,4 Qingsong Liu,5 John Shaw,6 and Rixiang Zhu1 1 Paleomagnetism Laboratory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .2 Agronomy Department, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. 3 Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, California, USA. 4 Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California, USA. 5 Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA. 6 Geomagnetism Laboratory, Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. Abstract To retrieve reliable long-term paleoclimatic signals from the Chinese loess/paleosol sequences deposited over the past 2.6 Myr, multi-parameter mineral magnetic investigations have been conducted on the Jiaodao section on the Chinese Central Loess Plateau. First, the lithogenic magnetic components and the pedogenic overprinting were chemically separated by the citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite (CBD) method. The magnetic properties of the least pedogenically-altered loess units and post-CBD loess/paleosols are dominated by coarse-grained lithogenic magnetite. Increasing degree of pedogenesis increases both the concentration and grain size of pedogenic magnetite/maghemite. Long-term changes of the pre-CBD magnetic properties suggest a long-term decrease in summer monsoon intensity and a long-term increase in winter monsoon intensity from the late Pliocene to the late Pleistocene. Long-term variations of the post-CBD magnetic properties suggest an increase in both concentration and grain size of coarse-grained lithogenic PSD/MD magnetite grains, and hence indicate a long-term increase in winter monsoon intensity over that period. The coercivity decrease of the lithogenic component for the loess unit L15 may be related to the accelerated uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent regions during the period of L15 deposition. From paleosol S5 to loess L1, higher values of coercivity of the lithogenic component occur in typical loess and paleosols, and lower values are found at the loess/paleosol transition. These coercivity variations are thought to be related to significant changes in the source region as well as dust deposition in the Loess Plateau caused by changes in ice/snow or vegetational cover. These new results lead to a better understanding of the relationships between the effects of tectonic, paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental processes in northwestern China. Magnetostratigraphic dating of hominoid-bearing sediments at Zhupeng, Yuanmou Basin, southwestern China Rixiang Zhua, Qingsong Liua,b, Haitao Yaoa, Zhengtang Guoa, Chenglong Denga, Yongxin Pana, Lianqing Lua, Zhigang Changa, Feng Gaoc A Paleomagnetism and Geochronology Laboratory (SKL-LE), Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China b Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Geophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA c Yunnan Province Institute of Archaeology, Kunming 650118, China Abstract The hominoid fossils found in the Yuanmou Basin, southwestern China, are among the key fossils for understanding the evolution of early hominoids in eastern Asia and their relationship with coeval hominoids in Europe and Africa. However, their exact ages have not yet been well determined. We provide a new high-resolution magnetostratigraphy for the Zhupeng profile, which is one of the fossil-bearing type sections in the region. Based on magnetostratigraphy of 227 remanent directions, together with the age of micromammalian fauna, indicate that the hominoid-bearing layer is dated within polarity chron 3Br 2r or 3Br 1r, i.e. within the interval 7.437.38 Ma or 7.347.17 Ma. This unambiguously indicates that the Yuanmou hominoid has a late Miocene age, which therefore makes it the youngest hominoid found in Eurasia. It is possible that the Yuanmou Basin provided a refuge for hominoids during a time of major environmental changes. euN0W(NsXxvz[ Millet noodles in Late Neolithic China Houyuan Lu1,2, Xiaoyan Yang1, Maolin Ye3, Kam-Biu Liu4, Zhengkai Xia5, Xiaoyan Ren6, Linhai Cai6, Naiqin Wu1, Tung-Sheng Liu1 1 Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China e-mail: houyuanlu@mail.iggcas.ac.cn 2 Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China 3 Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710, China 4 Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA 5 College of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 6 Qinghai Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Sining 810007, China Abstract Noodles have been a popular staple food in many parts of the world for at least 2,000 years, although it is debatable whether the Chinese, the Italians or the Arabs invented them first. Here we analyse a prehistoric sample of noodles contained in a well preserved, sealed earthenware bowl discovered in the Late Neolithic archaeological site of Lajia in northwestern China. We identify millet as the source of the abundant seed-husk phytoliths and starch grains present in the vessel. This shows that the conversion of ground millet flour into dough that could be repeatedly stretched into long, thin strands for the preparation of boiled noodles was already established in this region 4,000 years ago. (Nature, 437.967-968 2005). Phytolith assemblages as indicators of coastal environmental changes and hurricane overwash deposition. Hou-Yuan Lu1,2, Kam-biu Liu2 1 Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China; 2 Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, 227 Howe-Russell Geoscience Complex, Baton Rouge LA 70803, USA Abstract We demonstrate that phytolith assemblages are a useful proxy for reconstructing coastal environmental changes and for validating the overwash origin of sand layers in palaeotempestology studies. Phytolith analysis was conducted on 50 topsoil or surface sediment samples collected from a variety of coastal plant communities or depositional environments in the southeastern USA. The data suggest that different coastal subenvironments can be distinguished by their modern phytolith assemblages. For example, coastal marsh samples contain a diverse phytolith assemblage dominated by smooth-elongate and square morpho-types and maritime forest samples are dominated by phytoliths from palms and broadleaf dicotyledonous plants. Remarkably, the phytolith assemblages from sand dunes are characterized by high percentages of two-horned-tower, flat-tower, spool/horned-tower and short-saddle types. Phytolith analysis of three prehistoric sand layers in a sediment core from Western Lake, northwestern Florida, shows that they contain a phytolith assemblage similar to those characteristic of sand dunes and interdune meadows. These observations are confirmed by the results of principal components analysis and discriminant analysis on the modern and fossil phytolith data sets. Our study results support the interpretation that the sand layers in Western Lake were indeed formed by the erosion of sand dunes during overwash processes caused by landfalling catastrophic hurricanes. (The Holocene 15,7 (2005) pp. 965-972, 2005) Tectonic uplift in the northern Tibetan Plateau since 13.7 Ma ago inferred from molasse deposits along the Altyn Tagh Fault Jimin Suna,*, Rixiang Zhua, Zhisheng Anb A Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, P R China B Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xian 710075, P R China Abstract In response to the collision of India with Asia, thick molasse deposits were shed off the high evolving edge of the northern Tibetan Plateau, providing great potential for understanding the relationships between mountain building, rock denudation, and sediment deposition. A precise knowledge of the initial accumulation of the molasse deposits is important for understanding uplift history along the northern margin of Tibet. Field investigations indicate that thick Neogene sediments in the piedmont depression zones of the Altun Mountains are strongly deformed in a fold and thrust system, indicating crustal shortening and thickening in the late Cenozoic. Detailed magnetostratigraphic studies of the molasse deposits along the Altyn Tagh Fault show that the accumulation of coarse conglomerate began ca. 13.7 Ma ago, the source material of the deposits changing at the same time. Together with the remarkable increase in the sedimentation rate after 13.7 Ma, we attribute the accumulation of the conglomerates to the tectonic uplift along the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, a process that continued until at least 9 Ma ago. (Published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 235, 641-653) Nd and Sr isotopic variations in Chinese eolian deposits during the past 8 Ma: implications for provenance change Jimin Sun Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China Abstract A record of changes in Nd and Sr isotopic composition of the eolian deposits from the central Loess Plateau has been determined for the past 8 Ma. The isotopic records of the silicate fraction of the Quaternary and Tertiary eolian deposits allow interpreting the interplay between the Sr isotopic variations in the eolian deposits and the late Cenozoic tectonic and climatic changes. The results indicate that the temporal variations of Nd and Sr isotopes show remarkable changes around the beginning of the Quaternary. The lower values of the 143Nd/144Nd and the decreasing trend of the 87Sr/86Sr ratios after 2.58 Ma ago are attributed to the additions of relatively younger crust materials in response to the climatic cooling and the late Cenozoic uplift induced glacial grinding in the high orogenic belts in central Asia. In this context, the substantial changes in climate and tectonics have modified dust sources significantly, and the Quaternary loess forming processes are preferentially sampling relatively younger and high relief crust materials than that of the Tertiary Red Clay. (Published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 240, 454-466) Long-term fluvial archives in the Fen Wei Graben, central China, and their bearing on the tectonic history of the India-Asia collision system during the Quaternary Jimin Sun Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China Abstract Staircases of large-scale river terraces are striking features of the landscape in the Fen Wei Graben, adjacent to the Qinling orogenic belts, central China. Field investigations indicate that all five river terraces are composed of a basal channel gravel and an overlying, thick loess-palaeosol succession. As Chinese loess stratigraphy has been well-studied, it favours age determination of these terraces and their correlation with the marine oxygen isotope stages. Our research indicates that the ages of the five terraces are approximately 2.6, 1.2, 0.9, 0.65, and 0.15 Ma, respectively. The formation of these river terraces within the Fen Wei Graben has been attributed to NW-SE crustal extension, associated with left lateral displacement between the North and South China Blocks, in response to the northward movement of India towards Asia since Cenozoic time. Thus, the stepped terraces in the Fen Wei Graben reflects elements of the India-Asia collision systems, in which terraces define episodes of accelerated northward movement of India towards Asia during the Quaternary. (Published in Quaternary Science Reviews 2005, 24, 1279-1286) Holocene East Asian monsoonal precipitation revealed by grain-size distribution of core sediments of Daihai Lake in Inner Mongolia of north-central China Yanjia Penga, Jule Xiaoa, Toshio Nakamurab, Baolin Liuc, Yoshio Inouchid A Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O.Box 9825,Beijing 100029,China B Center for Chronological Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan C National Lab on Scientific Drilling, China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083, China D Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan Abstract Two sediment cores recovered in the central part of Daihai Lake in north-central China were analysed at 2- to 4-cm intervals for grain-size distribution. Grain-size distributions of the lake sediments are inferred to be a proxy for past changes in East Asian monsoon precipitation, such that greater silt-size percentage and higher median grain size reflect increased monsoonal precipitation rates. The grain-size record of Daihai Lake sediments spanning the last ca 10,000 yr indicates that the monsoonal precipitation in the lake region can be divided into three stages: the Early, Middle and Late Holocene. During the Early Holocene before ca 7900 cal yr BP, the median grain size (Md) and the silt-fraction content were relatively low and constant, suggesting relatively low precipitation over the lake region. The Middle Holocene between ca 7900 and 3100 cal yr BP was marked by intensified and highly variable monsoonal precipitation, as indicated by high and variable Md values and silt contents of the lake sediments. During this period, average precipitation rate gradually increased from ca 7900 to 6900 cal yr BP, displayed intense oscillations between ca 6900 and 4400 cal yr BP, and exhibited a decreasing trend while fluctuating from ca 4400 to 3100 cal yr BP. Although generally high during the Middle Holocene, both the Md and the silt content assumed distinctly low values at the short intervals of ca 65006400, 60005900, 57005600, 44004200 cal yr BP, implying that monsoonal precipitation might have been significantly reduced during these intervals. During the Late Holocene since ca 3100 cal yr BP, grain-size values suggest that precipitation decreased. However, during the Late Holocene, relatively higher Md values and silt contents occurring between ca 1700 to 1000 cal yr BP may denote an intensification of hydrological cycles in the lake area. 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ĞwTYё^\kxSirwSSOvGWN)n^:N170^324!0bwegAmSO:N[+T%cSN(XCO2ؚ0.53)0-NNOv^(3.33^10.48 wt% NaCl)vAmSO 0R;NbwgnoS:NN+TNOvCO2v[4lAmSO(XCO2:N0.01^0.05)T4lnmAmSO v^:N1.23^12.55wt% NaCl0ёTkxSir($\vQ/fĞw)'}[qQu fё;NNёkx~Tirb__,dЏ CO2SSOv^lX[(WRhfvQ[bwAmSOvpHSSw@w͑vb6R\O(u04l/\S^0)n^ NMTSRMNO_wvAmSO NmnS/fsNq\ёwёlmbwv;NSV0 sQ.͋ AmSOSSObwAmSO rёw^sNq\N Sh Rir 0\wf[b 02005t^21wS,{5g1329^1338u Petrology and geochemistry of the Shuiquangou syenitic complex, northern marginof the North China Craton Neng Jiang Key Laboratory for Mineral Resources Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China (e-mail address:  HYPERLINK "mailto:jiangneng@mail.igcas.ac.cn" jiangneng@mail.igcas.ac.cn) Abstract The Palaeozoic Shuiquangou complex is a major syenitic intrusion along the northern margin of the North China Craton that hosts a number of gold deposits. Despite the heterogeneity of the complex in terms of texture and modal mineralogy, mineral compositions, whole-rock chemistry as well as radiogenic isotope compositions show a well-constrained magmatic evolutionary trend. The whole-rock major element and REE trends are broadly consistent with fractional crystallization dominated by clinopyroxene, amphibole and accessory minerals. Initial NdSr isotopic compositions suggest that the parent magmas to the complex were ultimately derived from an enriched mantle with relatively high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and negative ENd values. The enrichment of the mantle source was probably inherited from an older lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton. Sr isotopic data indicate that the RbSr system was disturbed by later alteration processes, whereas Nd isotopes are essentially unaffected and exhibit a broad trend consistent with simultaneous fractional crystallization and country-rock assimilation (AFC). Quantitative modelling indicates that a very high bulk distribution coefficient for Nd and low ratios of assimilation to crystallization are needed to produce the observed Nd isotope evolutionary trend BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS Chinese Science Bulletin 2005 Vol. 50 No. 7 716718 U-Pb zircon age for the Nanhua-Sinian boundary Chu Xuelei1, Wolfgang Todt2, Zhang Qirui1, Chen Fukun1 & Huang Jing1 1. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; 2. Max-Planck-Institut fr Chemie, Mainz 55020, Germany Correspondence should be addressed to Chu Xuelei (email: xlchu@mail.igcas.ac.cn) DOI: 10.136/982005-155 Abstract China Commission on Stratigraphy approved a tripartite classification of the Neoproterozoic in 2001[1,2]. Top of the new system was assigned to the base of the Doushantuo Formation, the glacier-related strata were separated from the pro-Sinian System and named the Nanhua System[ 1 3], in which Nanhua is after the term of the Nanhua great glaciations proposed by Prof. Liu[3,4]. In March 2004, IUGS approved the Ediacaran System and the initial GSSP of the Ediacaran System was assigned to the base of a texturally and chemically distinctive carbonate layer that overlies glaciogenic rocks in an exposure along Enorama Creek in the south Australia[5]. Thus, the Nanhua-Sinian boundary corresponds with the Cryogenian-Ediacaran boundary and the Ediacaran is equivalent to the Sinian in China. WSNS-e|Lu~vwU-Pb t^ P~1 Wolfgang Todt2 _/T1 HydW1 Ğvf1 1 -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b, SN100029; 2 Max-Planck-Institut fr Chemie, 55020 Mainz, Germany.E-mail: xlchu@mail.igcas.ac.cn) Xd -NV0WB\YXTO(W2001 t^ǏN-NVveCQSN NReHh, e^WSNS|[1,2]. ev|vLunNaq\l~KN^; NQg gsQv0WB\NSe|RQ, }T T:NWSNS|[1~3], SaNR?AQHQuv WSNS'YQg [3,4].2004 t^3 g, VE0WyT(IUGS)SybQzNEdicaran|, vQGSSP[(Wo'Y)RNWS萿lEnoramaCreekQ2vQb\wKN N, sS~gTSf[NO N TvB\rxxv\vLu[5]. Ydk, -NVvWSNS-e|Lu~[^@wVE NvCryogenian-EdiacaranLu~, Ediacaran|1\vS_N-NVve|.Cryogenian-Ediacaran Lu~t^S0O(W610~635 MaKN[5]. NENMR, (W~s|kNVRbvGhaub~kpq\ppB\_N635.51.2 Maُ*N|nxvwU-Pbt^[6], s]^l0WcS\O:NMarinoanQg~_gvt^[7,8]. S/f, (W2001 t^lQ^v-NV:SWt^N0WB\(0W(t^N)h-N, ؏\WSNS-e~Lu~[(W680Ma[1,2]. 6q , t[aq\l~xWW\vLu-HfTPb-Pb[t^hf, WSNS-e|Lu~vt^^(W'Y~600~610 MaDя[9,10], NhQV0WB\t^h~Qv680 Ma[1,2]v]u܏, _NNCryogenian-EdiacaranLu~vt^ N T. ,geShv4T^WVRbWSlQb\w Nkpq\ppB\-NvwU-Pbt^penc, :NWSNS-e|Lu~vt^cOvcP[. cb0W:Syr+R[18O vi\vbV P~ le [^t ёbO Xd cb0W:SvM{|i\yr+R[Ɩ 18O ُ7h[ 18O vi\(W'Y+Rq\AςؚSS(&^؏\*gb[0_8^ؚv18O 10%) underwent biodegradation of normal alkanes resulting in a degree of concentration of sulfur in the residual petroleum, although isoprenoid alkanes remain showing that biodegradation was not extreme. Interestingly, the high sulfur oils occur in H2S-rich reservoirs (H2S up to 92% by volume) where the H2S was derived from bacterial sulfate reduction, most likely in the source rock prior to migration. Three oils in the Jinxian Sag have (34S values from +0.3 to +16.2 and the oil with the highest sulfur content shows the lightest (34S value. This (34S value for that oil is close to the (34S value for H2S ((0). It is possible that H2S was incorporated into functionalized compounds within the residual petroleum during biodegradation at depth in the reservoir thus accounting for the very high concentrations of sulfur in petroleum. Key words: sulfur, oil, H2S, stable isotopes, anhydrite, Bohai Bay Basin Published in Applied Geochemistry 20(7),1427-1444. Prediction of the PVT properties of water over wide range of temperatures and pressures from molecular dynamics simulation Zhigang Zhang a, Zhenhao Duana,b a Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China b Department of Chemistry, 0340,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92129, USA Abstract In this study, we systematically performed a series of isothermal-isobaric molecular dynamics simulations over a wide range of temperatures and pressures to evaluate the PVT properties of water with four popular molecular potential, SPCE, TIP4P, TIP5P and EP. From the overview of the simulated data and their comparisons with experimental data, we find that SPCE shows overall better predictions than the other three models, slightly better than TIP4P, but far more accurate than EP and TIP5P. Compared with the most recent published high- pressure experimental data up to 5.0 GPa, the simulation results with SPCE show remarkable agreement with errors less than 1.0%. Considering this potential was proposed based on very few experimental data under room temperatures and pressures, the high accuracy of the simulation results indicate a great predictive power of molecular level study and verify our attempt of using molecular dynamics simulations to generate data as an important supplement to the database of experimental properties of geological fluids. Based on our simulated data of SPCE and experimental data, a new EOS was proposed with better accuracy for the volumetric properties of liquid than previous models from 100.0 MPa and 273.15 K up to substantial ionization limit, which is about 20-30 GPa and 2000 K according to previous studies. An optimized molecular potential for carbon dioxide Zhigang Zhang Zhenhao Duan The Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China Abstract An optimized molecular potential model for carbon dioxide is presented in this paper. Utilizing the established techniques of molecular dynamics and histogram reweighting grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations, this model is demonstrated to show excellent predictability for thermodynamic, transport and liquid structural properties in a wide temperature-pressure range with remarkable accuracies. The average deviations of this new model from experimental data for the saturated liquid densities, vapor densities, vapor pressures and heats of vaporization are around 0.1%, 2.3%, 0.7% and 1.9%, respectively. The calculated critical point is almost pinpointed by the new model. The experimental radial distribution functions ranging from 240.0 K to 473.0 K are well reproduced as compared to neutron diffraction measurements. The predicted self-diffusion coefficients are in good agreement with the nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. The previously published potential models for CO2 are also systematically evaluated, and our proposed new model is found to be superior to the previous models in general. An accurate model for calculating C2H6 solubility in pure water and aqueous NaCl solutions Shide Maoa, Zhigang Zhanga, Jiawen Hua, Rui Suna, Zhenhao Duana,b,* a State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O.BOX 9825, Beijing 100029, China b Department of Chemistry, 0340, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA Abstract An accurate model is presented to calculate the solubilities of C2H6 in pure water (273-444 K and 0-1000 bar) and in aqueous NaCl solutions (273-348 K, 0-16 bar and 0-6.3 mol"kg-1). This model is based on a specific particle interaction theory for liquid phase and a new accurate equation of state developed in this study for vapor phase. Precision of the model is within or close to the uncertainty of experimental solubilities (about 7%). A FORTRAN code is developed for this model and can be downloaded from the website: www.geochem-model.org/programs.htm. Key words: C2H6, solubility, water, aqueous NaCl solutions, equation of state. Petrogenesis of the Linxi granitoids, northern Inner Mongolia of China: Constraints on basaltic underplating Wei Liua,*, Wolfgang Siebelb, Xin-jun Lia, Xiao-fei Pana a State Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonic Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China b Institut fr Mineralogie, Petrologie und Geochemie, Universitt Tbingen, 72074 Tbingen, Germany Received 30 March 2004; accepted 17 January 2005 Abstract Five representative granitoid plutons in the Linxi area, northern Inner Mongolia of China, divided into two suites, are mainly granodiorite and syenogranite and correspond to I- and A-type granites, respectively. Zircon UPb dating yields an age of ~ 230 Ma, but most ages range from 149 Ma to 111 Ma for intrusion of the five plutons. Suite 1 granitoids show lower SiO2 (66.172.51%) and K2O, higher Al2O3, CaO, MgO, FeO, and TiO2, higher Sr, Ba, and Eu, and lower Sm+Gd, Nb, Y, and Yb than Suite 2 granitoids (71.7378.14% SiO2). Modeling of major and trace elements shows that fractional crystallization of hornblende and lesser amounts of feldspars for Suite 1 and plagioclase and alkali feldspar for Suite 2, with overprint of magmatic hydrothermal fluids, can explain the geochemical variations. The Linxi granitoids have initial eNd(t) values varying between +5.60 and 2.89, and initial (87Sr/86Sr)t ratios ranging from 0.701764 to 0.707654. Geochronology of inherited zircons, coupled with the Nd, Sr isotopic comparison between granitoids, Late Jurassic basalts, and Proterozoic gneisses, indicates that the Linxi granitoids derive from a mixed source of dominantly underplated material or mafic magma with various amounts of the Proterozoic gneiss. Basaltic underplating provides both material and heat to produce the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous granitoids. Variation of eNd(t) and (87Sr/86Sr)t with age suggests involvement in the melting of increasingly greater amounts of the old lower-crustal rock. Our refined equation yields less scattered Nd isotope depleted mantle model ages. The least-fractionated granitoids from each suite have low Ca/Sr, Rb/Sr, Rb/Ba, and K/Ba ratios and, hence, represent parental magmas. Suite 1 parent magma is produced by dehydration melting or derives principally from the fluid-metasomatized mantle.Melting of the underplated tholeiites and their differentiated products generates Suite 2 parent magma. Keywords: Basaltic underplating; Continental crust growth; Granitoid petrogenesis; Northern Inner Mongolia Chemical Geology 219 (2005) 535 N)Yq\q\A-A\-N[CH4AmSOSSOvyr_SvQaIN* Xo\ RO** Pan XiaoFei Liu Wei** -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b \wWg oSV[͑p[[ SN 100029 State Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonic Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China Pan XF and Liu W. 2005. Characteristics and significance of CH4-rich fluid inclusions from the mafic-ultramafic complex at the Xiangshan, eastern Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang of China. Acta Petrologica Sinica Abstract Post-collisional Cu-Ni-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusive complexes densely occur in the eastern Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang of China. Compositions of rock and, especially, fluid in their source region remain to be resolved. Xiangshan pluton is typical of the mafic-ultramafic complexes in the eastern Tianshan Mts. It comprises peridotite, gabbro-norite, diorite and gabbro-diabase. Megacrysts of poikilitic hornblende that is abundant in all the rock phases have grown around olivine and labrador, indicating that the parent magma is rich in water. Studied samples were collected from the fresh gabbro-norite in the central body of the Xiangshan pluton. Labrador- and olivine-hosted fluid inclusions occur in isolation or in group without obvious orientation. Fluid inclusion trails were observed occurring parallel to the grain boundary or growth plane of the host mineral. Fluid inclusions are primary or secondary and were trapped during growth of the host mineral or extensive exsolution of fluid from the magma as marked by the crystallization of hornblende. Hence, these fluid inclusions represent fluids derived from the source region. Available stable sulfur and lead isotopic data show meteoric affinity and normal common lead characteristics, respectively. Therefore, crustal contribution for rock and fluid via assimilation or infiltration can be excluded. Bubbles of more than 50 fluid inclusions were analyzed using micro-laser Raman spectrometer. It is shown by the analysis that CH4 and H2O are the dominant gas species, and hydrocarbons C2H2, C2H6, and C4H6, and N2 are the subordinate gas species in the vapor phase of these fluid inclusions. Four types of vapor compositions are distinguished that include a) CH4-rich vapor, b) H2O-rich vapor, c) H2O+CH4 mixing vapor, and d) multi-species (C2H6+N2+CH4, C2H6+CH4+N2+C4H6) mixing vapor. Therefore, fluids that are brought by the Xiangshan pluton from the mantle source region are rich in H2O and reductive volatiles CH4 etc. Because CO2 fluid instead of CH4 fluid is abundant in the upper mantle whose redox state is near to fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer, it is likely that the parent magma and inclusion fluids of the Xiangshan pluton derive from the transition zone of the mantle or asthenosphere underneath the Paleozoic orogens of the northern Xinjiang. Subducted slab brought water to the un-oxidized deep mantle during the subduction period before the end of the Early Carboniferous. Mixing of water with the reducing CH4-rich C-H fluids played an important role in the melting of the deep mantle, thereby resulting in the production of widespread post-collisional mafic-ultramafic complexes and the related Cu-Ni sulfide ore deposits. Key words Laser Raman spectroscopy, CH4-rich fluid inclusion, mantle transition zone, post-collisional mafic-ultramafic complex, eastern Tianshan Mountains Xd q\\SO/fN)Yq\A-ABg\&^vN*NxQW\SO v&^S0Tv&^+T gw(nf҉w]vf Ts~DjiwTbwu gbSDj~gTS+T~g hfk\Fm[4l0,gxvzv7hTǑꁎNq\\SO-N\SO0bwTDjiw-NvAmSOSSOd[zR^ bbR^ 'Y\ NI{ ef>feT'` bb2NR^ s^LN[;Nwirv|LuTuvfb0AmSOSSO;N:NSu NR:N!kubGP!ku /f(WN҉w~vf:Nh_v\FmAmSO'YϑQngUcv V NhN\Fmn:SvAmSO0Џ(u>f_oIQbfIQ1N (W100-4000 cm-1 hQlkVQ[bwTDjiw-Nv50Y*NAmSOSSOvllۏLNRg0~ghf AmSOSSOvlSObRR:N4{|a)[CH4lSOb)[H2OlSOc)H2O+CH4mTlSOd)Y~R(C2H6+N2+CH4, C2H6+CH4+N2+C4H6)mTlSO0V q\\SO@b:d&^vAmSO/fNy[CH4I{؏S'`%cSNT[H2OvAmSO01uN N0WT^YNv['lSr` N0WT^v%cSNNCO2:N;N0V q\\SOvk\FmTAmSO^egꁎN0WT^Ǐ!n&^boAmW ُ Te_NhfeuSZfSuNv0WT^Ǐ!n&^boAmWS/f*g'lSv0+TC-H|RAmSOvWB\0OQgGrvQ_s :N0WT^mYvH2OcONegn0[CH4؏S'`C-HAmSOT[H2OAmSO :N0WT^mYvqS%cN͑\O(u ۏ NuNeuS q\T^lR^vA-A\FmNSܔMkxSirw^0 sQ.͋ oIQbfIQ1H4AmSOSSO0WT^Ǐ!n&^xdTA-ABg\N)Yq\ \wf[b 2005 211 211-218 [0W:S0Wp4lT-nS\n4l TMO }yr_SvNsQ| y'YQa, ^_Ta,b Jeffrey V. Turnerb Occ uNc _\=Nc Rmc a -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b SN 100029 b Isotope Hydrology Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria c Uw4l] zR[xvzb,[ Uw Xd OncǑ[0W:S3000R3000s|m0WpN-N0Wp4lv4lSf[bRT TMO }bR nx[Q0Wp4lv;Ne~nT_s_00Wp4l18Of N T0(W18O DsQ|V N EmB\0Wp4l01500s| 0=(W'YlM4l~ N mB\0Wp4l>1500s| TSOOPyN'YlM4l~ HTs>fWv'l TMO }ckToysa0'l TMO }1uy\q\MRTv0WQn[Ɩ (Wv0WQ萏NmbckvsQ0ncdk$Re [0Wp4lve~:SMONy\q\:S014C1500m) geothermal waters. 14C ages of geothermal water range from 6,000 to 30,000 years, indicating long residence time. Flow velocity was calculated using 14C ages along the flow lines. Results show that geothermal water flows at 1.7 m/year from south to north, and 2.5 m/year from west to east in the tertiary formations in Xian area. The 18O and D values of karstic groundwaters in the North Mountains plot on the meteoric water line but at the more enriched end than the geothermal waters, indicating that they have different sources of recharge. Flow velocity calculated for the karstic groundwaters is 25 m/year from west to east and 5 m/year from north to south. Key words: Hydrogeochemistry; Isotopes; groundwater dating, Geothermal water; Karstic groundwater, Xian Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater circulation in the Xian geothermal field, China Dajun Qin a,., Jeffrey V. Turner b, Zhonghe Pang a,b a Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China b Isotope Hydrology Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna A-1400, Austria Received 23 July 2003; accepted 13 June 2005 Abstract Geothermal waters from the Tertiary aquifers located at 10003000m beneath Xian city, Shaanxi Province, China, showunique isotopic composition as compared to local groundwaters from shallower Quaternary aquifers. Positive oxygen shifts of as much as 8 VSMOW are observed, while the corresponding 2Hvalues remain essentially constant at about.800 VSMOW, which is significantly different from those of waters in the Quaternary aquifers with a mean 2H value of .600 VSMOW. The strong 18O shift is a result of isotope exchange between geothermal water and carbonate minerals such as calcite over a residence time of several thousand years up to 30,000 years, based on 14C dating. A comparison of the isotopic composition of geothermal waters with neighbouring groundwater units on both sides of the Guanzhong Basin indicates that the geothermal reservoirs are recharged by rain that falls on the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains, south of the Xian geothermal field, but not from the North Mountains to the north of the field. Based on chemical geothermometers the highest temperature estimated for the Tertiary aquifers of the Xian area is around 130 C. Keywords: Hydrogeochemistry; Isotopes; Oxygen shift; Geothermalwater; Groundwater circulation; Xian; China Geothermics 34 (2005) 471494 Prediction of CH4 and CO2 hydrate phase equilibrium and cage occupancy from ab initio intermolecular potentials Rui Sun1 and Zhen Hao Duan1,2,* 1 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Beijing 100029 China 2 Department of Chemistry, 0340, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92129 USA Abstract Presented is an improved model for the prediction of phase equilibria and cage occupancy of CH4 and CO2 hydrate in aqueous systems. Different from most hydrate models that employ Kihara potential or Lennard-Jones potential with parameters derived from experimental phase equilibrium data of hydrates, we use atomic site-site potentials to account for the angle-dependent molecular interactions with parameters directly from ab initio calculation results. Because of this treatment, our model can predict the phase equilibria of CH4 hydrate and CO2 hydrate in binary systems over a wide temperature-pressure range (from 243318 K, and from 103000 bar for CH4 hydrate; from 253293 K, and from 52000 bar for CO2 hydrate) with accuracy close to experiment. The average deviation of this model from experimental data is less than 3% in pressures for a given temperature. This accuracy is similar to previous models for pressures below 500 bar, but is more accurate than previous models at higher pressures. This model is also capable of predicting the cage occupancy and hydration number for CH4 hydrate and CO2 hydrate without fitting any experimental data. The success of this study validates the predictability of ab initio intermolecular potentials for thermodynamic properties. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 69, No. 18, pp. 44114424, 2005 Theoretical prediction of the coordination number, local composition, and pressure-volume-temperature properties of square-well and square-shoulder fluids  HYPERLINK "http://scitation.aip.org/vsearch/servlet/VerityServlet?KEY=ALL&possible1=Hu%2C+Jiawen&possible1zone=author&maxdisp=25&smode=strresults&aqs=true" Jiawen Hu The Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China; The State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China; and College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China  HYPERLINK "http://scitation.aip.org/vsearch/servlet/VerityServlet?KEY=ALL&possible1=Duan%2C+Zhenhao&possible1zone=author&maxdisp=25&smode=strresults&aqs=true" Zhenhao Duan The Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China and The State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China Received 15 September 2005; accepted 25 October 2005; published online 27 December 2005 Abstract By assuming a Boltzmann distribution for the molecular equilibrium between local and bulk environments, a general model is derived for the prediction of coordination numbers and local compositions of square-well and square-shoulder fluids. The model has no empirical parameter fitted from the data of square-well and square-shoulder fluids, but is valid from the low-density limit to the high-density limit. The applicable width of well or shoulder covers the commonly used range varying from 1.0 to 2.0. The model can accurately predict the coordination numbers of pure square-well and square-shoulder fluids, so the equation of state derived from it is superior to other equations of state based on the existing coordination number models. The model also accurately predicts the local compositions of mixtures in wide ranges of density and size ratio (1.08.0), as well as the configuration energy of lattice gases and highly nonideal lattice mixtures. It is remarkable that the model correctly predicts temperature-dependent coordination numbers and local compositions for both equal- and unequal-sized mixtures at close packing, which cannot be predicted by the existing coordination number models. Our derivation demonstrates that the energy parameters in local composition models should represent the potential difference of a molecule between the local and bulk environments, not the pair-interaction potential, and depend on the system conditions and different kinds of pair-interaction parameters. This result is very useful for the development of local composition and activity coefficient models and the mixing rules of equations of state. 2005 American Institute of Physics RυؚSxvz[ Discovery of the Jiawengmen Stromatolite Assemblage in the Southern Belt of Eastern Kunlun, NW China and Its Significance Bian Qiantao1, Zhu Shixing2, I. I. Pospelov3, M. A. Semikhatov3, Sun Shufen2, Chen Daizhao1 and Na Chunguang1 1 Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Email: 2 Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, China Geological Survey, Tianjin 300170, 3 Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119017, Russia Abstract This paper reports a newly discovered Late MesoproterozoicEarly Neoproterozoic stromatolite assemblage, named here the Jiawengmen stromatolite assemblage, represented by a Conophyton-Baicalia association in the Jiawenmen area in the southern belt of the Eastern Kunlun. This stromatolite assemblage is dominated by large-scale conical stromatolites and related elements, i.e., Conophyton garganicus var. inkeni, C. cf. ressoti Menchikov, Jacutophyton cf., Conicodomenia f., which commonly co-exist with elements of the group of Baicalia. This assemblage can be correlated with that of the middle Jixian-middle Qingbaikou System in North and Northwest China, but is different from that in South China. Correlation can also be made with that in the upper horizon of the Middle Riphean-lower horizon of the Upper Riphean in the South Ural Mountains and Siberia of Russia, in North Africa, and in the Alaskan Peninsula of North America. These facts suggest that the Jiawengmen stromatolite assemblage probably colonized during 1300850 Ma ago. Accordingly, the stromatolite-bearing carbonate rocks are then proposed to correspond to the middle Jixian System-middle Qingbaikou System or the upper Middle Riphean-lower Upper Riphean. Our stromatolite data further suggest that a Precambrian microblock, named the Xialawen microblock here, occurred in the southern belt of Eastern Kunlun, the western part of the Maqen microbloc. Similar stromatolite assemblages in the Maqen microblok and those blocks that occurred in North China, Siberia and North Africa point to similar paleogeographic and paleoenvironmental conditions. These microblock and blocks were probably located at low latitudes and on the continental margins of the Rodinian supercontinent, where warm epicontinental seas were favorable to widespread colonization of stromatolites during the Late Mesoproterozoic-Early Neoproterozoic. However, these stromatolite assemblages are quite different from those of the South China block, which is suggestive of different paleogeographic contexts, and probably also of a different tectonic affinity. Key words: stromatolite, Precambrian, Rodinia supercontinent, Eastern Kunlun, Tibetan Plateau WNRzHilbert Sbcv YOP/cRgelSvQ^(u H_ _-Npg,0u\l -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b, SN0100029 Xd Q0R O~Hilbert Sbc@b+TveP^RGPv[E@\P'`, ,ge\YzRgl_eQ0Rwe^RHilbert Sbc-N, Ǐg^ YOSe]w5T[w5vyr_fv NQN NQ,Nv0WS:N$N'YWWSOvc&^.ُNyr_Sh_@w4q\q\|T|TSv0W͑x_8^HTyr_SSvNNSV. sQ.͋4q\q\|; 'YRq\; ^fWyr_2 x\hQ\vCaOTFe2O3 MgO+TϑHTؚ

fWMNO ,{1T,{26kTT3*N6k7hT(WA CN KTA-CNK FMV Nf>fSR xvzhf e -N NSN0ZfOWN/fxvz:SSg SlP͑vSigblbg Zf}vWN0-N NeNMRT N TvlySO|WT{|fvezz NGWS'` vQ-N_MOY-N0W:SN1_[Ɩ0WT^:N;NSO NWS萂YWSTN0W:SR:N{|f0ُNT^n\wv0WtSf[yr_Tsfk\-N0WT^\UcOSODji\Tw\ TUcOvfDjiwTw v~bT~gyr_vfNSSNWS-NuN\wW0WT^fS0RǏ[ExqSOv:_p9e 0Dji\!qSOvvNS^/f:S\wW9e T~blSv͑e_ N bSuNؚADji\lS:NZf-NuNNOADji\Tw\0ۏeQ\wW0WT^vqSOwQ N/-N0WXir(͑qvyr_ N [:SZf-NuN\wW0WT^v_[Ɩ0 gsQNSSN-NuN\wWQT9e veP0Ǐ zT:g6RI{_NۏL~v0 sQ.͋-NuN0T^n\w0Dji\0qSOS^\wW0WT^NSSKQb Transformation of lithospheric mantle through peridotite-melt reaction: A case of Sino-Korean craton Hong-Fu Zhang State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, PR China Received 8 June 2004; received in revised form 15 April 2005; accepted 24 June 2005 Available online 2 August 2005 Editor: E. Boyle Abstract Early Cretaceous Fangcheng basalts, erupted in Luxi region of Shandong Province, China, contain olivine xenocrysts with clear compositional zonations, which provide evidence for important mantle-melt reactions. These zoned olivines are finegrained (200~900 Am) and the core of the relatively larger grains have compositions (such as Mg#=88~92) similar to those of olivines from the mantle peridotitic xenoliths entrained in Cenozoic basalts from the Sino-Korean craton and their rims (Mg#=76~83) are compositionally close to those of the olivine phenocrysts from the host basalts. These compositional features as well as textural characteristics such as rounded and embayed crystal shape, well-developed cracks and grain sizes demonstrate that these olivines are mantle xenocrysts disaggregated from the lithospheric peridotites. The zoned texture was formed through rapid reaction between olivine and host melt. This may suggest that mantle-melt reaction was once very significant in the Mesozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the southeastern portion of the Sino-Korean craton, which we consider to be responsible for the replacement of lithospheric mantle from the Paleozoic refractory (high-Mg) peridotitic mantle to the late Mesozoic fertile (low-Mg) and enriched mantle with the loss of more than 120 km Archaean lithospheric keel in the region. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: olivine xenocryst; peridotite-melt reaction; lithospheric mantle; Sino-Korean craton The geochemical variations of mid-Cretaceous lavas across western Shandong Province,China and their tectonic implications Jifeng Ying , Xinhua Zhou,Hongfu Zhang State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing, 100029, China Abstract Major and trace element as well as SrNd isotopic compositions of mid-Cretaceous lavas across western Shandong Province, China have been studied. These lavas can be generally divided into southern Shandong group (including Pingyi and Mengyin) and northern Shandong group (including Laiwu and Zouping) based on their geochemistry. The southern group lavas are characterized by extreme enrichment in LREE, large ion lithophile elements (LILE), and depletion in HFSE along with EMII-like SrNd isotopic compositions, suggesting that the crustal involvements play a significant role in their petrogenesis. Comparing studies with Fangcheng basalts reveal that the Triassic continentcontinent collision between the Yangtze craton (YC) and the North China craton (NCC), and subsequent extensive modification of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath the south part of the NCC by silicic melts released from the subducted Yangtze lower crust, formed an enriched lithospheric mantle which was the source of the southern Shandong group lavas. In contrast, the northern Shandong group lavas are mildly enriched in LREE and LILE relative to those of the southern group lavas. The isotope compositions are also distinctive in that the Sr isotopic ratios are very low. Available geochemical evidence and comparing studies with spatially closed related mafic intrusions suggest that the SCLM feeding the northern group lavas seems to be linked to carbonatitic metasomatism and changed modal proportion of phlogopite and clinopyroxene in the mantle rather than subduction-related modifications. The contrasting geochemical characters of the mid-Cretaceous lavas across western Shangdong suggest that the SCLM of the NCC is spatially heterogeneous in Mesozoic. Keywords China - Shandong Province - Geochemistry - Mid-Cretaceous - Lavas Geochemical constraints on the origin of Mesozoic alkaline intrusive complexes from the North China Cratonand tectonic implications Hong-Fu Zhanga,*, Min Sunb, Xin-Hua Zhoua, Ji-Feng Yinga a State Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonic Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, PR China b Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China Abstract Mesozoic alkaline intrusive complexes are widespread in the southern portion of the North China Craton and can provide some important constraints on the evolution of the Mesozoic lithosphere beneath the region. Three selected intrusive complexes (Tongshi, Hongshan, and Longbaoshan) are generally high in alkalis (K2O+Na2O=9~13 wt.%) and Al2O3 (14~21.6 wt.%) and low in CaO and TiO2 (b0.6 wt.%), with high and variable SiO2 contents. Rocks from these complexes are all enriched in LREE and LILE (Cs, Rb, Ba, U, Th), depleted in Nb and Ti, have a highly positive Pb anomaly, and are characterized by lack of a clear Eu anomaly despite trace element abundances and isotopic ratios that vary greatly between complexes. The Tongshi complex has high Cs (2.6~8.5 ppm) and REE abundances (PREE=112.6~297 ppm, (La/Yb)N=13.1~30.9) and MORB-like SrNdPb isotopic ratios ((87Sr/86Sr)ib0.704; eNdN0; (206Pb/204Pb)iN18). The Hongshan complex has low REE concentrations (PREE=28.2~118.7 ppm, (La/Yb)N=4.6~14.7) and is moderately enriched as demonstrated by their SrNd isotopic ratios ((87Sr/86Sr)iN0.706; eNdb_7). The Longbaoshan complex is extremely REE enriched (PREE=211.3~392.6 ppm, (La/ Yb)N=32.4~60.9) and has an EM2-like SrNd isotopic character ((87Sr/86Sr)iN0.7078; eNdb_11). We suggest that the Tongshi complex originated from the asthenosphere and the Hongshan complex and the Longbaoshan complex were derived from the partial melting of previously subduction-modified lithospheric mantle, in response to post-collisional lithospheric extension and asthenospheric upwelling. The occurrence of these alkaline intrusive complexes demonstrates that the lithosphere beneath the region must have been considerably thinned at the time of intrusion of these complexes. This study also shed light on the temporal evolution of the Mesozoic lithosphere and the timing of the lithospheric thinning. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Mesozoic; Alkaline intrusive complex; Lithospheric mantle; North China Craton Geology, fluid inclusions, isotope geochemistry, and geochronology of the Paishanlou shear zone-hosted Gold Deposit, North China Craton Xiao-Hui Zhang*, Qing Liu, Ying-Jun Ma, Hui Wang Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonic Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, Peoples Republic of China Abstract The Paishanlou gold deposit lies along the northern margin of North China Craton gold province, the third largest Au province in China. The deposit is mainly hosted in Archean metamorphic rocks of the Jianping Group and is structurally controlled by two sets of ductile shear zones. Gold mineralization is closely associated with intense hydrothermal alteration along the ductile shear zones, with a typical greenschist facies alteration assemblage of sericite+chlorite+calcite+biotite+quartz and a distinct alteration zoning of inner pyrite-sericite zone, middle carbonate zone, and outer epidote-biotite-chlorite zone from orebody to wall rock. Fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometric results suggest that four types of fluid inclusions are present at the deposit. Type 1 CO2-rich inclusions have homogenization temperatures of 22.427.9 8C. Type 2 H2OCO2 inclusions show salinities of 4.612.3 wt.% NaCl equivalent and Th-tot of 242 to 337 8C. Type 3a primary aqueous inclusions have salinities of 5.911.2 wt.% NaCl equivalent and Th-tot of 187289 8C, while Type 3b secondary aqueous inclusions have salinities of 3.18.3 wt.% NaCl equivalent and Th-tot of 128239 8C. Type 4 multiphase inclusions have salinities ranging from 31.4 to 35.2 wt.% NaCl equivalent and Th-tot of 370447 8C. The close association of CO2-rich inclusions and H2O-rich inclusions in groups and along the same trail suggests the presence of fluid immiscibility. Estimated PT values range from 1.4 to 1.9 kbar at 322417 8C. The d18O values of the ore-forming fluids are calculated to range from 3.8x to 7.4x and the dD values from _87.3 to _116.2x, indicating a mixed source of deep-seated magmatic water and shallower meteoric water.The d34S values (0.37.5x) of sulfide ore minerals are similar to those of both pyrite from metamorphic country rocks and whole rock sulfur of metamorphic country rocks. The 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb of sulfide ores range within 16.4017.0, 15.2115.37, and 36.6937.38, respectively, with the model ages of 397727 Ma, consistent with those of Late Mesozoic granites and lying between Archean metamorphic rock lead and the Proterozoic dolomitic marble lead. These sulfur and lead features reflect the fact that the ore-forming materials originated mainly from multiple wall-rock sources. The well-defined Ar/Ar plateau age (126.6F1.1 Ma) of biotite from the NNE ductile shear zone provides a possible temporal link between Au mineralization, magmatism and deformation at the Paishanlou deposit. The concordance of the biotite age with other well-constrained mineralization ages for the deposit, and the intrusion age of the granite, suggests that Au mineralization was essentially contemporaneous with late Mesozoic granitic magmatism and the second stage of mylonitization. In terms of its genetic linkage with the subduction process at the leading northern edge of the North China Craton, the Paishanlou deposit can be favored as an orogenic gold deposit. Its formation benefited from the combined action of protracted activity of ductile fault zones, hydrothermal circulation associated with granitoid intrusion and preferred structural setting favoring gold deposition. The major geodynamic switch towards generalized extensional tectonics that occurred during uplift, and thinning of the upper crust after the collisional stages in the northern edge of the North China Craton, may be the key factors controlling Au concentration and enrichment in the Paishanlou deposit. Keywords: Fluid inclusions; Isotopes; Geochronology; Ductile shear zone; North China Craton 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Faku tectonites:Implications for the tectonothermal evolution of the Faku block, northern Liaoning Zhang Xiaohui, Wang Hui, Li Tiesheng Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonic Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029,China Correspondence should be addressed to Zhang Xiaohui (email: zhangxh@mail.igcas.ac.cn) Received May 30, 2003 Abstract For lack of reliable isotopic chronological data, the metamorphic rock series in the Faku region of northern Liaoning has long been regarded as the platform basement. Recent studies reveal that these deformed and metamorphosed rocks, with a variety of protoliths of plutonic intrusions and supracrustal volcanic and sedimentary rocks, were genetically related to later ductile shearing events, and they, together with the syntectonic intrusions, constituted the large-scale Faku tectonites. In this paper, we report new 40Ar/39Ar data on hornblende, biotite, and K-feldspar from typical granitic mylonites in this suite of tectonites. The plateau age 256 Ma of FK53 hornblende and the high-temperature plateau age 262 Ma of Fk51-1 biotite should represent the cooling ages when the granites, formed as a result of Paleozoic oceanic crustal subduction beneath the continental crust or collision of multiple micro-continental blocks, were exhumed into shallow crustal levels. The plateau age 231 Ma of FK51-1 boitite and the apparent age 227 Ma of Fk51-2 K-feldspar are interpreted to record the time of ductile deformation occurring under greenschist facies conditions, i.e. the formation age of the Faku tectonites, while the age gradient from 197 Ma to 220 Ma of Fk51-2 K-feldspar probably record the subsequent stable uplift-cooling process. The tectonic exhumation event indicated by the plateau age 180 Ma of Fk51-2 K-feldspar may be associated with the onset of paleo-Pacific subduction beneath the North China plate. In addition, the U-Pb dating of FK54 zircon from later-intruded granite yields the age of crystallization of this super-unit intrusion at 159 Ma, thus establishing an upper limit for the formation age of the Faku tectonites, while the plateau age 125 Ma of Fk54 K-feldspar most likely corresponds to the rapid cooling and tectonic denudation event associated with the final collision between the Siberian plate and the North China plate. These isotopic ages provide important geochronological constraints for re-evaluating the tectonic essence of the Faku Faulted Convex and ascertaining the suturing boundary between the North China Platform and the Xingmeng Fold System. Keywords: northern Liaoning, tectonite, 40Ar/39Ar age, zircon U-Pb age, Faku Faulted Convex. Sl^g \|vwSHRIMPt^Nf[xvzNNSS0WSSLu _SfVf1 [eY2 s1 Xd 1uN:ONS`v TMO }t^Nf[De Sl^0W:SvS(\|Nv w\O0WSW^W^ яgxvznx[N^\NS\:NmbOeQSONq\Bg\ Tkpq\ ly\|0T~'`jRR\O(u b_bvSb_S(\| [NNmS TgRRS(\O(uq_Tv Tg OeQ\AS?b\\ NSgbNĉ!j]'Yvl^g \|0|nxvSHRIMP U-PbKmt^hf Nq\Bg\OMON~2654Ma AS?b\\OMON~2843Ma c:ygbl^eQSv^ NX[(W'Yĉ!jvMR[fk~S(W^ SNeb:Nnx[NSS0WSN Tў q\&^tQ q\&^Nk (WgleˆNNvLu~cON͑~_g0 sQ.͋ w SHRIMP t^Nf[ l^g \| S Sm Nd and SHRIMP U Pb zircon geochronology of high-pressure granulites in the Sanggan area, North China Craton: timing of Paleoproterozoic continental collision J.H. Guoa,*, M. Sunb, F.K. Chena, M.G. Zhaia a Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China b Department of Earth Sciences, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China Abstract High-pressure (HP) mafic granulites are widely distributed as sheet-like and lenticular bodies within highly deformed tonalitic gneisses in the Sanggan area, North China Craton. They have clockwise isothermal decompression and isobaric cooling PT paths implying continental collision tectonics. Whole-rock analyses of 15 samples define a Sm Nd isochron yielding an age of 2547 87 Ma with Nd(t) = 2.7. Corresponding Nd depleted mantle model ages show a similar range and are interpreted as the age of the magmatic protolith to the highpressure granulites. A combined Sm Nd mineral t whole-rock isochron from one of these samples yields an age of 1813 23 Ma, taken to represent the metamorphic age at an early stage on the cooling path. SHRIMP UPb zircon analyses of three HP mafic granulite samples give uniform weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1817 12, 1817 12 and 1819 16 Ma. These ages are interpreted to date metamorphism of the HP granulites and, with the SmNd mineral t whole-rock result, strongly suggest that the time of continental collision was at ca.1.82 Ga. An additional sample records two age populations; one at 1803 9 Ma and an older one at 1872 16 Ma. The latter may indicate the timing of either an earlier metamorphic event or possibly the earliest stage of a single prolonged metamorphic episode that peaked at ~ 1.82 Ga. These results confirm the Paleoproterozoic age for assembly of the North China Craton. Keywords: High-pressure granulite; SmNd ages; SHRIMP UPb zircon geochronology; Paleoproterozoic; North China Craton ςؚS&^S-NuN\FmOeQ;mRN Txd xdTg Ǐ zwU-Pbt^Nf[ le1, HydW1, _Sff1, Siebel W.2, fV1 1 -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b \wWoSV[͑p[[ SN 10029 2 _V[9h'Yf[0WtSf[xvz@b [9h 72074 1 State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, CAS Beijing, 100029, China 2 Institut fuer Geochemie, Universitaet Tuebingen, 72074, Tuebingen, Germany 2005-05-306e?z 2005-08-309eV Guo J.H., Chen F.K., Zhang X.M., Siebel W., Zhai M.G. 2005. Evolution of syn- to post-collisional magmatism from north Sulu UHP belt, eastern China: zircon U-Pb geochronology. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 214 1289-1901 Xd ςؚSS(&^SZwm0W:SS'Yϑ-NuNOeQSO0,gebSNev TMO }zʑlTSHRIMPwU-Pb TMO }t^penc nx:S-NuNOeQ\Fm;mR;N g Ng R+R/f NS~Zfg^210Ma OW~Zfg160 140MaT}vW~eg^110Ma0 NS~Zfg;N/fDji[|\|RvOeQSO Sb[x'`\2115 Ma T 2135 Ma 2uP[q\wck\211.91.5 Ma T 209.06.5 Ma iq\ck\\205.71.4 Ma [Nvb_bSc:ymOQ'YFvgGrey\O(u0OW~Zfg;N gW.]q\\\SO1611 Ma e{v\\SO160 3 Ma Tf[]q\\\SO142 3 Ma 0'Yϑ700 800Mav~bwc:yُN\\/fOQvlbP[gWWRqvNir [NSwVNxdRS0WXvbl\O(u0}vW~egvOeQSONh'`v gmQ^[w\114.5 0.8 Ma lv]er\\114 1 Ma N[Oq\er\\113 ( 1 Ma TO_q\\\108 2 Ma 0ُNؚx|ROeQSO /f-NVNnfMSv\wWQǏ z-N:_pvXT^vN\O(uvNir0 sQ.͋\\ x'`\ xdT ςؚS&^ N J. Asia Earth Sciences 2005 24 5 547-562 Neoarchaean to Paleoproterozoic continental evolution and tectonic history of the North China Craton: a review Mingguo Zhai Jinhui Guo Wenjun Liu Key laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology & Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China Abstract Rocks of Archean age are widely distributed in the North China Craton (NCC) and can be divided into high-grade regions and granite-greenstone belts, even though most underwent amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism. Quartzofeldspathic gneisses occupy 70 to 85% of the total exposure of Archean rocks in the craton. Supracrustal rocks commonly consist of intercalated volcano-sedimentary rocks, including metabasites, meta-intermediate to acid rocks, banded iron formations, metapelites and minor marbles. The oldest rocks outcrop over a small area of <5 Km2 and are a quartzite-amphibolite sequence that yield 3.8-3.5 Ga isotopic ages. Chemical and geochronological data constrain the earliest main crust-forming episode at ca 2.9-2.7 Ga, when most rocks were metamorphosed to upper amphibolite or granulite facies at moderate pressures. Mafic granulites can be classified into two textural types, referred to as near-isobaric cooling (IBC) and near-isothermal decompression (ITD) types. High-pressure granulites and retrograded eclogites occur mainly near the junction of the provinces of Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia in the central NCC, and in eastern Shandong Province of the eastern NCC, as well as locally in Henan Province in the southern NCC. These high-pressure rocks show clockwise P-T paths, indicating decompression from >14 Kb to 5-6 Kb. An exposed section, interpreted as representing Precambrian continental lower crust has also been identified in the northern part of the craton. Although some mafic-ultramafic metamorphic rocks have been interpreted as remnants of ancient oceanic crust and mantle by some geologists, geochemical and petrological evidence demonstrates that many supracrustal/orthogneiss associations have island arc affinities. Therefore, several tectonic models have been proposed, including continent-continent collision and island arc terrain accretion achieved by arc-arc or arc-microcontinent collision. The NCC underwent multiple high-grade metamorphic events of which the two most important took place during the intervals 2600-2450 Ma and 1950-1750 Ma, which are considered to be related to early Precambrian supercontinental cycles. Key words: North China Craton, Archean, tectonic evolution Geol. Mag. 2005 142 1 23-30 SHRIMP zircon age of a Proterozoic rapakivi granite batholith in the Gyeonggi massif (South Korea) and its geological implications Mingguo Z 1(() Zhiyao Ni 1 Chang Whan Oh 2 Jinghui Guo 1 Seon Gyu Choi 3 1 Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China, mgzhai@mail.igcas.ac.cn 2 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, 561-576, South Korea,  HYPERLINK "mailto:ocwhan@moak.chonbuk.ac.kr" ocwhan@moak.chonbuk.ac.kr 3 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, 136-701, South Korea, seongyu@korea.ac.kr Abstract A large rapakivi granite batholith in the Neo-Archaean / Paleo-Proterozoic Odesan complex, northeastern Gyeonggi massif, South Korea, has been dated at 1839 10 Ma by SHRIMP U-Pb analysis of zircons. The age, petrological and geochemical characteristics of this batholith are similar to those of the rapakivi granite batholiths exposed in the Rangnim massif of North Korea and in the Miyun-Chengde complex of North China. The country rocks of these rapakivi granite batholiths are also comparable; all are composed of granitic gneisses and banded iron formation (BIF)-bearing supracrustal rocks metamorphosed to amphibolite- to granulite-facies. This study provides new evidence for the suggestion that the Gyeonggi and Rangnim massifs may share an affinity with the Precambrian basement of the North China craton. The study provides new insight into the possible eastward extension of the Sulu orogenic belt in the Korean peninsula and, further provides evidence to correlate the Korea basement to a possible global 2.1-1.8 supercontinent. Keywords: Rapakivi granite, SHRIMP zircon age, Gyeonggi massif, South Korea International Geological Review 2005 47 5 1071-1089 Tectonic division of the Sulu ultra-high pressure region and the nature of its boundary with the North China Block Mingguo ZHAI* Wenjun LIU Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology & Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Beijing, 100029) ________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Detailed geological, geochemical and geochronological data suggest that the boundary between the North China Block and Sulu UHP region in the eastern Shandong Peninsula is not a single fault as previously considered. Instead, it is a complicated magmatic-metamorphic zone about 40-60 km wide bounded by the Muping (MP) and Mishan (MS) faults, and herein termed the Kuyushan boundary zone. The zone is composed of a complicated granitoid complex containing abundant lenses and pods of metamorphic rocks of variable protolith and size that are tectonically juxtaposed. The Sulu UHP region is subdivided into two tectonic units : the Haiyangsuo eclogitized granulite unit and the Rongcheng-Weihai UHP unit bounded by a large-scale ductile shear zone. The Haiyangsuo unit is considered to be a tectonic slab of the lower crust of the Yangtze Block, in which granulites underwent an eclogite facies overprint. The Rongcheng-Weihai unit represents an ancient subduction relic of the Yangtze lithosphere, and consists of two sub-units. The Rongcheng sub-unit is a typical UHP unit, with a PT path recording a rapid uplifting from mantle (coesite-eclogite facies) to upper lower-middle crustal (amphibolite-granulite facies) depths. The Weihai sub-unit is a tectonic slab that was detached from the UHP zone during exhumation, and was tectonically emplaced into the lower crust of the North China Block above the subduction zone. The UHP rocks of this unit have been strongly modified by subsequent granulite facies metamorphism. The North China Block, the Kunyushan boundary zone and the Haiyangsuo and Rongcheng-Weihai units are imbricated slabs. The Rongcheng sub-unit may have been subducted northwestward under the North China Block, but a detached UHP slab of the Weihai sub-unit was overthrust onto the North China Block. This inference is supported by a recent geophysical study. Key Words: Sulu UHP region, North China Block, UHP Rocks Geochronological Constraints on the Paleoproterozoic Evolution of the North China Craton: SHRIMP Zircon Ages of Different Types of Mafic Dikes Peng Peng, Mingguo Zhai, Huafeng Zhang, Jinghui Guo Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China Abstract Widespread magmatic and metamorphic events during the interval 23501650 Masuggest that the North China craton (NCC) may have been involved in the evolution of the supercontinent Columbia. Metamorphosed and unmetamorphosed dikes have been characterized in terms of their geochemistry and geochronology. Dike suite 1 in the northern Wutai-Fuping terrane comprises amphibolite-facies assemblages and has a SHRIMP U-Pb zircon crystallization age of 2147 5 Ma. Dike suite 2, distributed in the northern part of the Huaian-Fengzhen terrane, has a two-pyroxene granulite assemblage, and yields a SHRIMP metamorphic zircon age of 1929 8 Ma.Dike suite 3 in the Sanggan structural zone between the two terranes is composed of garnet two-pyroxene granulites, and has a SHRIMP zircon age of 1973 4 Ma for the cores and 1834 5 Ma for the rims, defining the time of crystallization and peak metamorphism, respectively. Dike suites 1 and 2 were possibly emplaced close to a continental margin and an arc respectively; whereas dike suite 3 was most likely post-orogenic. Zircon grains from an unmetamorphosed mafic dike in the north-central NCC yields a SHRIMP crystallization age of 1778 3 Ma. We suggest that the metamorphosed mafic dike suites probably resulted from the amalgamation of the NCC in the Columbia supercontinent between 2080 and 1980 Ma (~2000 Ma), whereas the unmetamorphosed mafic dike swarms probably was emplaced during its break-up at 17801750 Ma. The metamorphosed dikes were likely uplifted and exhumed during a plume-driven upwelling event during 18301750 Ma,causing intrusion of (unmetamorphosed) dikes throughout the NCC S0W:SSCQSNZfg\(\Fm\O(uN0WXoS ][s^1,2 4TyCQ1 le1 k^2 1-NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b SN 100029 2 Tgw:SW0W(wNg@b %f 130062 Abstract The Paleoproterozoic metamorphic complex, widespread in the Liaoning-Jilin Region of northeastern North China Craton, was thought to be the result of intra-plate rifting. However, our filed observations show that the magmatites are not metamorphic rocks but granitic plutons with different degree deformation and metamorphism, consisting of gneissic hornblende syenogranite (termed by striated granite or Liaoji granite), gneissic quartz diorites, porphyric biotite monzogranite, porphyric-rapakivi garnet granite and hornblende pyroxene syenite. This paper presents the new zircon SHRIMP U-Pb data of gneissic quartz diorite and porphyric-rapakivi garnet granite. The results show that they were emplaced during 1872-1850 Ma, similar to those of porphyric biotite monzogranite and hornblende pyroxene syenitic complex. Petrography and geochemical features indicate that the gneissic quartz diorite belong to I-type granites with geochemistry of Arc-type granitoids, whereas, porphyric-rapakivi garnet-bearing granites with rapakivi texture have geochemistry of S-type granites. With consideration of the P-T path of the regional metamorphism coeval with the emplacement of these granites, the concurrence of I-, S- and A-type granites indicates that these granites formed in the post-orogenic setting. The difference of the basement rocks between Langlin (Korea)-Liaonan (China) block and Longgang block indicates that the North China Craton is composed of Langlin-Liaonan-Jiaodong and Longgang-Luxi-Wuhuai blocks in the east and west block, not of West and East blocks. These two blocks in the east North China Craton assembled at about 1.9 Ga, and then collided with the West Block at about 1.85 Ga. Key Words: East Block, North China Craton, Subduction collision and orogeny, Late Paleoproterozoic, Granites Xd ^lQ2NNSSgWWN落 T0W:SvSCQSNS(Bg\ Yt^egNv:N/fSvFQˆ7\O(uvNir bNǏ~vΑY0W(g]\OSs S(Bg\-NN_@bR[vmT\[E/f N TS( z^TSb_yr_v\FmbV\\\SO vQ\w{|WdxQWvGrr҉ck\\Oy agur\\ b T\\ Y S gGrrw\0]erўNkN\\0]er-ser+Twiw\\T҉ꕉwck\I{0^(uSHRIMPb/g ,ge[Grrw\T]er-ser+Twiw\\ۏLNwU-Pb TMO }t^Km[ ~g>f:y[NvOMOeN:N1872-1850Ma N]erўNkN\\T҉ꕉwckBg\OMOeNvя0\wf[-0WtSf[yr_>f:yGrrw\/f I W\\ wQ g\'_W\\0WtSf[yr_ ]er-ser+Twiw\\@\wQ gter~g ^\ S W\\0~T:SQN\\b_b TeSuvS(\O(uP-Tyr_ ُyI-0S-TA-W\\v TeNQ S fNNSb_bN q\Tg ̀of0~Tgrg--NVWST\*YS[FWWv~vfW^]+R SN[NSSgWW(W*YS[+ggv^^N1uN0FWW~b (WNFWW\؏X[(Wgrg-WS-NTTFWWT\--NmFWW$N*NFWW ُ$N*N_FWW'Y~(W1.90Ga]SSubT 6qT[NQN1.85 Ga]SN0WWWbT0 sQ.͋ NFWWNSSgWWOQxd q\SCQSNZfg\\ -NVlR{|S Tectonic setting of the Helong Block: Implications for the northern boundary of the eastern North China Craton Zhang Yanbin1, Wu Fuyuan1, Zhai Mingguo1, Lu Xiaoping1,2 1. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China; 2.Regional Geological and Mineral Resources Survey of Jilin Province, Changchun 130062, China Correspondence should be addressed to Zhang Yanbin (email:  HYPERLINK "mailto:zhangyanbin@mail.igcas.ac.cn" zhangyanbin@mail.igcas.ac.cn) Received June 4, 2003 Abstract LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the Bailiping granitic pluton was emplaced during Late Paleozoic to Early Cretaceous (285 116 Ma) by four distinct magmatic episodes, arguing against the previous thought that the Bailiping granites were emplaced during Archean, Proterozoic or Early Paleozoic. It is suggested that the so-called Archean Jinchengdong granite-greenstone belt, mainly composed of Bailiping granites, should be broken down. Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of the Bailiping granites are similar to those of the Phanerozoic granites in the Xingan-Mongolian orogenic belt, suggesting that their parental magmas were mainly derived from a juvenile crust with some contamination of ancient crustal materials during magma rising and/or emplacement. Therefore, the basement of the Helong Block is similar to that in the northern Xingan-Mongolian Orogenic Belt, but different from that of the North China Craton. It is proposed that the Archean Jinchengdong complex in this area is probably an exotic slice from the North China Craton, which indicates that the Fuerhe-Gudonghe Fault, located in northern part of the Helong area, is not the boundary between the North China Craton and the Xingan-Mongolian Orogenic Belt. The possible boundary should be located further southward more than 50 km and near the Baitoushan Volcano. Keywords: LA-ICPMS ziron U-Pb dating, Bailiping complex, Helong Block, North China Craton, Sr-Nd isotope. Nature and significance of the Early Cretaceous giant igneous event in eastern China Fu-Yuan Wua,b,T, Jing-Qian Linb, Simon A. Wildec, XiaoOu Zhangc, Jin-Hui Yanga a Stated Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonic Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China b Department of Geology, Jilin University, 79 Jianshejie, 130061 Changchun, China c Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University of Technology, P. O. Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia Received 21 April 2004; received in revised form 4 January 2005; accepted 16 February 2005 Editor: E. Boyle Abstract Mesozoic igneous rocks are widespread throughout eastern China, but precise geochronological constraints were previously lacking. Thirty-two samples, including dolerite, diorite and granite, from the Liaodong Peninsula in northeastern China were chosen for zircon UPb SHRIMP (5 samples), laser ablation (LA) ICP-MS (22 samples) and TIMS (5 samples) dating. The ages range from 131F2 to 117F7 Ma, which establishes that the Early Cretaceous was a significant period of igneous activity in the Liaodong Peninsula, with a duration of about 10 Ma. A similar magmatic age pattern is identified in other areas of northern and eastern China, and elsewhere in southeast Asia. These rocks were all emplaced in an extensional setting, as indicated by the occurrence of A-type granite, dolerite dyke swarms and metamorphic core complexes. It is proposed that this giant igneous event was related to coeval lithospheric delamination in eastern China, which resulted from Kula-Pacific Plate subduction, possibly aided by major superplume activity associated with global-scale mantle upwelling. Keywords: Early Cretaceous; giant igneous event; delamination; Liaodong Peninsula; eastern China Geochronology, petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Jurassic granites in the Liaodong Peninsula, NE China Fu-Yuan Wua,*, Jin-Hui Yanga, Simon A. Wildeb, Xiao-Ou Zhangb a State Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China b Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University of Technology, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia Received 25 July 2004; received in revised form 12 April 2005; accepted 22 April 2005 Abstract Mesozoic igneous rocks are widespread throughout eastern China, but precise geochronological and petrogenetic constraints were previously lacking. Ten samples from the Liaodong Peninsula in northeastern China were chosen for zircon UPb SHRIMP and laser ablation ICP-MS dating. The magmatic ages range from 179F3 to 156F3 Ma. Data compilation indicates that contemporaneous granitic magmatism is widespread throughout eastern China, establishing the Jurassic as an important period of igneous activity in eastern China. Petrographically, these granites can be divided into three groups that underwent a complex history of crystal fractionation. Two end-members of granodioritic and monzogranitic magma are identified. The granodioritic rocks, having lower (87Sr / 86Sr)i and higher eNd(t) values than those of the monzogranitic rocks, came from the partial melting of juvenile crust, whereas the monzogranitic rocks came from partial melting of the Precambrian basement. It is proposed that Pacific plate subduction resulted in crustal thickening and subsequent lithospheric delamination which resulted in the upwelling of asthenospheric mantle and formation of juvenile crust by underplating of mantle-derived magma in the lower crust. A subsequent underplating and heating event from the asthenosphere partially melted the overlying pre-existing underplated mafic rocks and ancient crust, leading to the formation of granodioritic and monzogranitic magmas. This thickening by subduction could have been a necessary precursor for limited delamination in the Jurassic and more extensive delamination in the Early Cretaceous. Keywords: Magmatic underplating; Granites; Jurassic; Liaodong Peninsula; Eastern China; Delamination Petrogenesis of post-orogenic syenites in the Sulu Orogenic Belt, East China: geochronological, geochemical and NdSr isotopic evidence Jin-Hui Yanga*, Sun-Lin Chungb, Simon A. Wildec, Fu-yuan Wua, Mei-Fei Chub, Ching-Hua Lob, Hong-Rui Fana a Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China b Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan c Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia Received 25 February 2004; accepted 26 August 2004 Abstract The Jiazishan alkaline complex in the eastern Sulu ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphic orogenic belt of eastern China is composed of potassic to ultrapotassic pyroxene syenite, quartz syenite and associated mafic dikes. A SHRIMP zircon 206Pb/238U age of 215F5 Ma was obtained for the quartz syenite and mineral 40Ar/39Ar dating gave emplacement ages of 214.4F0.3 and 214.6F0.6 Ma for the pyroxene syenite and 200.6F0.2 Ma for the mafic dike. These dates establish that the Jiazishan Complex was emplaced shortly after the UHP metamorphic event at 240 to 220 Ma due to the continental collision between the North China and Yangtze cratons. The ultrapotassic mafic dikes, with K2Oc4.46.4 wt.% and K2O/Na2Oc3.5, have high MgO (8.0612.44wt.%), Ni (119319 ppm) and Cr (477873 ppm) and moderately low CaO/Al2O3 (~0.76) and TiO2 (~1.12 wt.%). They also have high Sr (87Sr/86Sr~0.7073), low Nd (eNd=~_16.5) isotopic ratios, enriched LILE (Ba/La=6674), LREE [(La/Yb)N=2833] and depleted HFSE (La/Nb=46). It appears that the mafic dikes were derived from a refractory, re-enriched lithospheric mantle source. The syenites have Sr and Nd isotopic compositions similar to the mafic dikes, implying a common origin. Geochemical and isotopic modeling suggests that the pyroxene syenites may have been generated by early fractionation of clinopyroxene and olivine, coupled with minor amounts of crustal contamination, of a mafic magma that had a similar composition to the mafic dikes. Subsequent fractionation of feldspar-dominated assemblages, with minor or no contamination, would result in the quartz syenites. This post-orogenic magmatism, resulting most likely in an extensional setting, provides time constraints on the major geodynamic transition from convergence to extension at the eastern margin of the North China craton. The Jiazishan potassic magmatism and geodynamic transition from convergence to extension can be explained by convective removal of the lower lithospheric mantle. Keywords: Post-orogenic magmatism; Potassic to ultrapotassic magmatism; Sulu UHP belt; North China craton Petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous intrusions in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure orogenic belt, east China and their relationship to lithospheric thinning Jin-Hui Yanga*, Fu-Yuan Wua, Sun-Lin Chungb, Simon A. Wildec, Mei-Fei Chub, Ching-Hua Lob, Biao Songd a State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China b Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei c Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia d Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China Received 16 December 2004; received in revised form 8 July 2005; accepted 14 July 2005 Abstract Geochronological, geochemical, whole-rock SrNd and zircon Hf isotopic analyses have been carried out on two suites of Late Mesozoic mafic to felsic magmatic rocks in the Sulu orogenic belt (east-central China) with the aim of characterizing their petrogenesis and tectonic implications. The Shijiusuo monzogranite has a SHRIMP zircon 206Pb/ 238U age of 127F2 Ma and an 40Ar/ 39Ar age on hornblende of 123.5F0.4 Ma. A mafic enclave from this pluton has a SHRIMP zircon 206Pb/ 238U age of 124F3 Ma and a hornblende 40Ar/ 39Ar age of 124.2F0.4 Ma, indicating coeval crystallization of the mafic enclaves and host monzogranite. Whole rock 40Ar/ 39Ar dating gives an emplacement age of 111.2F0.1 Ma for the mafic dikes. The monzogranites have low MgO and Cr, high Na2O, and SrNdHf isotopic data (87Sr / 86SrN0.7085, eNd(t)=_20.5 and eHf(t)=_22.5 to _56.6) consistent with derivation from Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic lower crust with involvement of mantle materials. The presence of coeval mafic enclaves with high eNd(t) and eHf(t) values indicates magma mixing and involvement of mantle-derived materials in the generation of the Shijiusuo pluton. The mafic dikes that intrude the monzogranite have characteristics of ultrapotassic rocks. Their geochemical features, such as high MgO (Mg# up to 75) and Cr (up to 1233 ppm), low TiO2 (1.111.24 wt.%) and total Fe2O3 (8.339.09 wt.%), enrichment in LILEs (e.g., Rb, Ba, Sr) and LREEs, and depletion in HFSE (e.g., Nb, Ta and Ti), together with initial 87Sr / 86Sr ratios of 0.70760.7078 and negative eNd(t) values (_17.6 to _18.2), indicate they were derived from an amphibole-bearing, refractory lithospheric mantle. The ShichangFangzi monzodioritic to monzonitic rocks have zircon SHRIMP UPb ages of ~122 Ma. These rocks have Sr, Nd and Hf isotopic compositions (initial 87Sr / 86Sr=0.70830.7088, eNd(t)=_16.5 to _17.7 and eHf(t)=_20.4) similar to the mafic dikes in the nearby Shijiusuo pluton, indicating they were derived from a common source. High Rb and HREE, low Sr and Ba and strongly negative Eu anomalies indicate that the monzodioritic magmas resulted from pyroxene- and plagioclase-dominated fractionation of magma derived from an enriched mantle source. Taken together, these features indicate that Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Sulu orogenic belt was not related to Late Triassic subduction or exhumation of the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks that characterize the Sulu region; instead they resulted from mantlecrust interaction in an extensional setting, most likely induced by widespread removal of lithospheric mantle in the eastern North China Craton during the Early Cretaceous. Keywords: Early Cretaceous; Granitoid; Petrogenesis; Lithosphere removal; Sulu UHP belt QN3.8 Ga wHf TMO }yr_NNSSKQbeg0WXeN 4TyCQ1 hgۏ1 g\f2 Ng܀1 "pe1 hg\a1 1 -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b\wWoSV[͑p[[, SN 100029; 2 S'Yf[0W(f[|Ye'YFRRf[͑p[[, [ 710069. E-mail: wufuyuan@mail.igcas.ac.cn) Xd wU-Pb TMO }Km[>f:y, QN씑Nkw\egꁎN36~38 Nt^]S\(\wvΘSeR.oIQSMOHf TMO }Rghf, ُNw(WTg0W(oSǏ z-NW,gOcHf TMO }SO|v\, U-PbTpwvHf TMO }!j_t^GW(W38 Nt^]S, S fNS0WXir(vQ_s. vQ-N38 Nt^]St^vwwQ gNt|hwv TvHf TMO }~b, hfvQn\\(\wegꁎNt^{0WXvRq, Nt^{v0WXegnN*g~f>fXT^R_NNv0WT^. Vdk, QN0W:S(W38 Nt^NMR*gSu'Yĉ!jv0WXuNN. ~TvQN0W:SvwHf TMO }De, ,gecKm, NSSKQbgegv0WXSb_bN40 Nt^]S. vMR, (WNSS0W:S~b0RfS0WXvS'`_\. SN[Nse\\wU-Pbt^THf TMO }SvQ0W(aIN hgۏ1** 4TyCQ1 g\f2 "pe1 1. -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b \wWoSV[͑p[[ SN 100029 2. S'Yf[0W(|Ye'YFRRf[͑p[[ [ 710069 Abstract The Miyun pluton, a typical A-type rapakiki pluton, is located in the eastern North China Craton and is mainly composed of rapakivi granite and porphyric biotite granites. Zircon LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating gives that the emplacement ages of Miyun rapakivi granites are 1681 ( 10 MaT1679 ( 10 Ma, whereas, their host gneiss formed at 2521 ( 14 Ma. The mean Hf(t) value of zircons from Archean gneiss is about +4.5, indicating the protolith of gneiss was derived from a depleted mantle source. It suggests that the 2.5 Ga is an important period of crustal growth of the North China Craton. The zircons in the rapakivi granites have Hf(t) value of -5.0, indicating that the rapakivi granites were derived from a crustal source. The two-stage model ages (TDM2) of rapakivi granites are about 2.6 to 2.8 Ga, similar to those of host Archean gneisses, indicating that the rapakivi granites were derived from partial melting of the crust formed during Late Archean. The Miyun rapakivi granites were emplaced in an intra-plate extensional setting, which may be related to breakup of Paleoproterozoic Columbia supercontinent. Xd [N\SOMONNSSKQbN 1use\\TerўNk\\~b /fxQWAWse\\\SOKNN0wvLA-ICPMS U-Pbt^Nf[xvzhf [Nse\\b_bN1681 ( 10 MaT1679 ( 10 Ma V\Gr\vS\b_bN2521 ( 14 Ma0wvLA-MC-ICPMS Hf TMO }xvzhf *YSNGr\egnNN_c0WT^ir(vRq N hf2.5 Ga/fNSSKQb0WX͑vugse\\-NwHf TMO }~b:NHf(t) = ^-5 $N6k!j_t^:NTDM2 = 2.6 2.8Ga hf[NegnN*YSNeu0WXvRq0[Nse\\OMONNSSKQb'YFˆ08OU\sX SNhQtSCQSN+ggColumbia'YFvˆ gsQ0 Accretionary Tectonics of the Western Kunlun Orogen, China: A Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic, Long-lived Active Continental Margin with Implications for the Growth of southern Eurasia W. J. Xiao, B. F. Windley, 1 D. Y. Liu, 2 P. Jian, 2 C. Z. Liu, C. Yuan, 3 and M. Sun 4 State Key Lab of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 1 Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK 2 SHRIMP Laboratory Beijing, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China 3 Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510640, China 4 Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China Abstract Our new SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages from the Western Kunlun Orogen allow us to constrain the history of an active continental margin developed on the southern boundary of the Tarim block from the Ordovician to the Triassic. A 492 7 Ma dacite from Yixieke extrusive rocks that contain 220 5 Ma reheated zircons is interpreted as an intra-oceanic arc complex that accreted to the Tarim block. The Yirba granodiorite has a continental arc geochemical signature, a 471 5 Ma U-Pb crystallization age and 491 3 Ma inherited zircons. It formed during the first, early Paleozoic stage of an active continental margin arc that was juxtaposed to the south against the Kudi high-grade gneiss complex, the Buziwan ophiolite, and the Yixieke volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Zircons from a paragneiss in the Kudi gneiss complex range in age from 398 12 Ma to 1345 31 Ma; the oldest reflect protolith ages of a gneissic continental block (incorporated into the trench), and the youngest may represent the age of a refoliated high-grade fabric created during accretion. The Buziwan ophiolite occupies a thrust sheet tectonically overlying the Kudi gneiss complex. A leucogabbro pegmatite with a zircon age of 403 7 Ma and ca. 490 Ma inherited zircons, and the North Kudi granite with a zircon age of 408 7 Ma were emplaced during the second mid-Paleozoic stage of the active continental margin. The Akarz subduction-related granite that has a 214 1 Ma zircon crystallization age formed during the final, early Mesozoic stage of the active margin. The long-lasting active continental margin in the Western Kunlun forms a key well-documented section of the Andean-type margin that extends from the Caucasus to the Qinling. Early Mesozoic thrust tectonics of the NW Zhejiang region (SE China) Wenjiao Xiao State Key Lab of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China.E-mail: wj-xiao@mail.igcas.ac.cn Haiqing He Institute of Geology, CNPC, Beijing 100083, China Abstract The NW Zhejiang region of South China occupies a key tectonic position near the suture zone of the Yangtze and Cathaysian blocks, and is of critical importance for the assembly of East Asia. Sedimentological and tectonic analyses indicate that the region had a southeast-dipping paleo-slope in the Late Paleozoic to Early Triassic. A transitional sedimentary environment from deep sea to continental molasse is documented in the early Triassic-late Triassic interval. Associated structures are northwest-vergent folds and thrusts that root southeastward beneath the high-grade Chencai metamorphic complex. The structural styles of this foreland fold-and-thrust belt are characterized by multi-fold-duplexes and individual folds that are together zoned from SE to NW as follows(1) Core zone characterized by shear folds and ductile thrusts; (2) Southeast belt with out-of-sequence thrusting of multi-fold-duplexes and an average shortening of 50%(3) Central belt with duplexes, imbricate fans and an average shortening of 40%(4) Northwest belt with Jura-type folds and a shortening of about 10%. A tectonic model for the foreland fold-and-thrust belt is discussed in relation to the Early Mesozoic archipelago paleogeography of South China. KeywordsNW Zhejiang area, turbidites, deep-water basin, multi-fold-duplexes, structural styles, Early Mesozoic orogeny. q\NNmWSTel0W:S4Y~-NJmy\TnLX XyvW,gyr_SvQ'Y0Wg aIN hg%f Ng~N eN swt _tQe -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b SN 100029 Xd 4Y~/fNSS0WSvB\v͑~bKNN NFn~xQ\\:N;N9Yxxv\~b0MRNxvz:N4Y~/fnwmllv0nojW lVnvTl\n]Wvly~T0bN!k(WNmWSTel0W:S4Y~-NSsJmy\TnLXXy~T hfNSS0WSe[fkNly~Tb_bNmwm JSmwm Emwm-N fX[(WSeaWTg GS\O(u0~xvzJmy\TnLXXyvW,g0W(yr_ NN[NۏNekƋNSS0WSSuNS0Wyr_NSS\oq\vb_bToSwQ g͑aIN NS:Ns$nwm~nv0W-NS\oq\bVNS\oq\llDnRccOPt0 sQ.͋ Jmy\ nLXXy 4Y~ S\oq\ N[G0NSS0WSN 0W:S4Y~ NnLXXyv0W(yr_SvQaIN hg%f Ng~N swt eN _tQe kyh -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b SN 100029 Xd NSS0WS4Y~Nr^plPagN NvFn~xQ\\:N;N9Yxxv\~b ҉^ NteTN*YS[lq\KN N0NmWSN[Gv4Y~^ :NS^~4mvnLXXy0\WW1upp\T~xQ\\~b W(:N|x\0\WWQ萄vg Sb_7h_SW(-NveB\thf [fk~NSS0WSfX[(WSeaWTg GS\O(u/fSb\\O(uǏ z-NnLXXyb_bv͑:g6R04Y~-NnLXXyvSsTxvz g)RNۏNekƋNSS0WSSuNS0W0lysXNSS\oq\vb_bToS N :NNSS0WSSuN+Tllv0WTS\oq\vxvzNSllDnRccOPt0 sQ.͋ 4Y~ nLXXy Sw S\oq\0NSS0WS υё>x\lysX0 gT[keNSvQ'Y0Wg aIN 1 e1rl1XoՈu1 Ng~N1 R\Il2 OoQ1 zpؚ3 1-NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b\wW_>e[[, SN100029 2-NVyf[bRυؚSxvz@b, SN100029 3-NVyf[bWSN0W(Suirxvz@b, WSN210008 Xd 0ё>x\/feUR'_MRv0Wly^Rv͑~bR 1umwm EmwmvQpp(Jmy\T+T gT[kxQ\\~T0 gT[k;N:NNummulites0Assilina0AlveolinaTLockhartia NRb\[>x\0b>x\T\]0[e0W:Sv gT[kvN vQSeN:NYeN0~TRgё>x\TRυؚS0W:SYeNlysXSST gT[kvzzR^yr_ ~ghfYeNwmvly\O(u(WŖυ^_lT&^$NON6q~~X[(WYeN+gg:SSSug GS\O(u O_'_MRv0WQ2wmb 1uwmvlynS:N]SvFvly0 sQ.͋ё>x\ wmvly YeN gT[k yrce m Ŗυ^_lT&^ Sedimentary environment of the Dajin conglomerate in Tibet, age of foraminiferan assemblages and their tectonic significance Yan Zhen1, Fang Aimin1, Pan Yusheng1, LI Jiliang1, Liu Xiaohan2, Yu LiangJun1,Zhang Binggao3 Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonic Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Institute of Tibet Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; 3. Nanjing Institute of Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China Abstract The Dajin conglomerate, which is one important sedimentary successions of the Xigaze forearc basin in the Tibet, consists of deep-shallow marine tuffaceous turbidite and clastic rocks bearing Nummulites, Assilina, Alveolina and Lockhartia. These fossils are very similar to the foraminiferan in the Jialazi and Maila conglomerates, and those in Gangba and Dingri areas. They developed in the Eocene. By analyzing the spatial variation of Eocene sedimentary environments of Tibet Plateau and the foraminiferan in the Dajin conglomerate. We found that Eocene sedimentation should take place on both sides of the Yarlung Tsangpo suture, and late Eocene tectonic uplifting should make the forearc basin expose out of the sea level and begin to receive nonmarine deposits. Keywords: Dajin conglomerate, marine deposits, Eocene foraminiferan, Yarlung Tsangpo suture. Ayޏq\NbNW'`Bg\SO\w0WtSf[yr_SvQ'Y0Wg aIN R OhT0eN00 Xd RwmwAyޏSNbNW'`Bg\SOOMON[fk eYv~0WB\-N\SON\:N;N v^4O gW'`\ w\ ҉w\N\Q20\w0WtSf[xvzhf 勩\SO/f1ux'`\Fm~ N T z^vRy~vf\O(ub_bv0\wwQ[Ɩ'YyP[NwCQ }LILE N_cؚ:W:_CQ }HFSE v^wQ gf>fNbTTaN:W0~T勩\SONSOn4ll ~v~[OQBg\WzzR^sQ| hfBg\SO/fb_bNSAyޏ mXTWSOQb_bv\'_sX0 sQ.͋ SAyޏ q\&^ NbN W'`Bg\SO Ry~vf\O(u \'_sX 'Y+R q\&^]y[\v”eCQ }yr_ R^1 Olg1,2 hTeNS1 "pe1 1 -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b SN 100029 2 -NVyf[bxvzub, SN 100039 Xd 0 Ǒ(uM kpՋёl~TICP-MSRgN]y[14*N\7hT-NvIr Ru Rh PtTPdv+Tϑ0~g>f:yvQPGEv+TϑNO SY0WT^hQSTvPGER^!j_HTckesW PPGEv[SY0WT^eu_N_c IPGE:_pN_c Pd/Ir0.55~wvi\-NOQs_'Yv]03 Green and Hellman1982 vwiw YEx}vNk)n^{vؚS+TYEx}vNki\S()n^nfMOPؚ FO/f{ؚSi\v~g}YvNRavna2000 vwiw USew)n^{~gOcN04 Waters and Martin1993 vwiw USew YEx}vNkSR0Ravna and Terry2004 vwiw USew YEx}vNk ݄vfw gw/w)nSv|^S0RNHolland1990 vUSew;m^!jWvP6R [N N(uN~wXJd>0.55vi\ Waters and Martin1996 [Waters and Martin1993 vHr,gZPNN*N~!hck %_eNUSew;m^!jWv:w VdkSN(uN~wXJd>0.55vi\05 Nakamura and Banno1997 vwiw ~w ݄vfw gw)nSVЏ(uN Np`S_vwiwTwv;m^!jW N O_{~gN\vf[‰[~g NN0Vdk bN^[N~wXJd<0.55vYEx}vNki\ SNЏ(uWaters and Martin1993 SRTRavna2000 v)n^TTBl)nS+Tؚlxs~R(XJd>0.55)~wvؚSYEx}vNki\ S (uWaters and Martin1996 SRTGreen and Hellman1982 v)n^TTBl)nS+T gwiw ~w ݄vfw gwwir~Tvi\ (WXJd<0.55v`Q N S (uRavna and Terry2004 v)nSBl)nS0(W^(uُN)nSe ^laT)nSv(u)nSVTbRV $\vQ/fwiwXCa0mg#T~wXJdvV0SY 1uNwir-NFe3+v+Tϑ[)n^{~gq_T_'Y @bN؏_{Tt0W!hck@b wirvFe3+0 sQ.͋i\ wir)nS vs^a[ pRf[penc ;m^!jW0 Plastic flow of coesite eclogite in a deep continent ubduction regime: Microstructures, deformation mechanisms and rheologic implications Zhong Yan Zhaoa,*, Chun Jing Weib, Ai Min Fanga a Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 100029 b School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871 Abstract Ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks are continental crust that once has been subducted to mantle depth and subsequently exhumed to the surface in collisional orogenic belts. Despite the long distance transport of the UHP rocks in a deep subduction channel and the fast strain rate required for rapid exhumation, little evidence for UHP deformation is found in the exhumed UHP terrains so far identified. Some UHP rocks have even preserved primary igneous and volcanic structures. These observations have led to the postulation that the stress level is low (a few MPa) in the deep subduction zones. Deformation microstructures of some eclogite mylonites from a ductile shear complex in the Sulu UHP metamorphic belt, eastern China, provide for the first time convincing evidence that dislocation creep is the predominant deformation mechanism for the major constituent minerals of the UHP rocks in a highly strain-localized shear zone at the UHP conditions. Omphacite, phengite and kyanite are the main strain-accommodating phases and are dynamically recrystallized through progressive subgrain rotation and grain boundary migration. Coesite is either fractured, with irregular extinction in the moderately deformed eclogite or pseudomorphed by polycrystalline quartz aggregates that have a foam structure. Garnet does not show optically discernable plastic deformation. PT conditions for the deformation are estimated to be Pc3.3 GPa and Tc624 8C using garnetomphacitekyanitephengitecoesite/quartz thermobarometry, suggesting that deeply subducted continental crust remains bcoldQ at the upper mantle depths. Large part of the deeply subducted crust remains relatively undeformed. Strain is strongly localized into narrow shear zones. Stress level in the deep subduction channel is extrapolated on the order of tens of MPa, much higher than it was previously thought. ؚSS(\vQX'`AmS>f_g TSb_:g6R u-N\ e1rl -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b Xd ؚSS(\/f'YFOQ\O(uvNir0ؚSS(\(WmOQT_bԏǏ z-N ~SNݍy0Wg ,dЏTg Rv\O(u0vQg Sb_;NƖ-N(W'`jRR&^-N v^Su:_p0WQX'`AmS0xvzؚSS(g \v>f_g SvQSb_:g6R[NmeQN'YFX\w(WmOQǏ z-NvAmSf[L:N gASR͑vaIN0q\NNSvؚSN'`jRR&^-Ni\(T\\(|h\U_NؚSSb_vSS0(WؚSagN Nv3z[wir~w0YEx}vNk0pQvfwTwwQ g NĉRlrmIQ0NvfLu8hT^g TR`͑~vfI{>f_g yr_ TEMxvzc:yN'YϑvMOg hfMOS/fvQ;NvSb_:g6R0(W\(|h\-N ё~w(WR'`wirvSRq_-Nly ~|vwiwag&^s^LGrt^8O fؚSSb_Ǐ z-N gAmSOX[(W AmSORRvir(ibcey/fSN*N͑vSb_:g6R0Oncs gvAmSf[[_0O{vAmS^R^(WQASFQ^N N0 sQ.͋ ؚSSb_ QX'`AmS >f_g Sb_:g6R 'Y+Rq\i\&^Gr\vwbfIQ1xvz Rofl SQ -NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b\wWg oSV[͑p[[ Xd bN[eg'Y+Rq\i\&^11*NGr\7hTvwۏLNbfIQ1xvz ُNxvzƖ-N(W1008T356cm-1\TNNvJSؚ[ N0Onc4gSIQCL VPyr_ wSR:N Ny~g{|W1 8h~g 1uN*Nv\Fmw8hTN*NS(gb _NS1u$NgS(wgb2 CL NGWS:_S]SIQvw ُNwvNNMOf>fSN ُNSNvR/f(Weg\FmwS egv3 CL;`SO/fGWSvb1_S]SIQw0(WCLVPvW@x N bN(ubfkbcvelRgNُ3{| N T~gvw01008T356cm 1\>f:yNv Tbve\4xOWR N bN:Neg~bvw(WؚSS(Ǐ z-NSuN[hQkpT͑~vf0N|wbfIQ1VPv~gS fv/f N TvRvfS z^v]_ 1uN gv TvvfSSS ُNRvvfS z^NُNRvUTTh+Tϑ^/fckvsQv0 sQ.͋ w bfIQ1 Gr\ ؚSS(\O(u 'Y+Rq\ VSOwNDnxvz[ A sedex-type stibnite-only deposit in the giant metallogenic Sb belt, South China Liu Jiangming, Ye Jie Abstract There are many known examples of sedex-type Pb-Zn ore deposits. However, stibnite-only ores of sedex-type have not previously been reported. The Maxiong stibnite deposit in South China represents a superb insight into ore formation in the Debonian period. The conduit system ( filled by quartz and stibnite ) and the oberlying exhalative ores ( in the form of laminated quartz-stibnite deposits ) have been perfectly preserbed by the subsequentrapid deposition of sand and mud. Isotopic studies reveal the Sb-only fluids involved in flrmation lf the deposit were probably sourced within underlying metamorphic-sedimentary basement rocks. Keywords: Stibnite ore, hydrothermal exhalation, Sb-only basement brines, pervasive fluid conduits, South China Re-Os isotopic dating of molybdenite and pyrite in the Baishan Mo-Re deposit, eastern Tianshan, NW China, and its geological significance Lianchang Zhang*, Wenjiao Xiao, Kezhang Qin Abstract The Baishan Mo-Re deposit is located in the eastern section of the eastern Tianshan orogenic belt, NW China. The deposit has a grade of 0.06 % Mo and a high content of rhenium of 1.4 g/t. Rhenium and osmium isotopes in sulfide minerals from the Baishan deposit are used to determine the age of mineralization. Rhenium concentrations in molybdenite samples are between 74 g/g and 250 g/g. Analysis of eight molybdenite samples yields an isochron age of 224.8 4.5 Ma (2). Pyrite samples have rhenium and osmium concentrations varying in the range 33.4-330.6 ng/g and 0.08-0.81 ng/g, respectively. Isotope data on seven pyrite samples yield an isochron age of 225 12 Ma (2) on the 187Re/188Os vs. 187Os/188Os plot and an age of 233 14 Ma (2) on the 187Os vs. 187Re correlation diagram. The ages of molybdenite and pyrite are consistent within the analytical errors. Combined with field observations the data indicate that the Mo-Re mineralization in the Baishan deposit is produced by a magmatic-hydrothermal event in an intracontinental extensional setting after late Paleozoic orogeny. The initial 187Os/188Os ratio of pyrite is 0.3 0.07. The 34S values of molybdenite vary from +0.5 0 to +3.6 0 . Both data indicate that mineralization is derived mainly from a mantle source. Keywords: Re-Os isotopic dating, Mo-Re deposit, geodynamic evolution, eastern Tianshan Mineralium Deposita, 2005, 39:960-969 Geochemistry of ore-forming fluids and geological significance of the Kuoerzhenkuola gold field in Xinjiang, China Shen Ping, Shen Yuanchao, Liu Tiebing, Li Guangming ,Zeng Qingdong Abstract The Kuoerzhenkuola gold field (including the Kuoerzhenkuola and the Buerkesidai gold deposits) is the most important one in the Sawuer gold belt, northern Xinjiang, China. Isotopic studies including D, O, He, C, S, Pb and Sr reveal that the ore-forming fluids of the Kuoerzhenkuola and the Buerkesidai deposits shared the same source: the water of ore fluids was magmatic water and miner meteoric water; the mineralizers and ore materials derived mainly from mantle beneath the island arc, and partially from crust. The ore-forming fluids of two deposits are a mixture of mantle-derived fluids incorporated by crust-derived fluid, and meteoric water. Based on these results, combined with the consideration of the tectonic setting and geological features, we suggest that the two gold deposits in the Kuoerzhenkuola gold field, Sawur gold belt share the same genesis, and are volcanogenic hydrothermal gold deposits occurring in the same caldera. Keywords: ore-forming fluids, inclusions, isotope, volcanogenic late-stage hydrothermal gold deposits, Kuoerzhenkuola gold field. Science China (Seri. D), 2005 4811 1921-1931 40Ar-39Ar Age and Geological Significance of Sawur Gold Belt in North Xinjiang, China Shen Ping, Shen Yuanchao, Zeng Qingdong, Liu Tiebing, Li Guangming Abstract The 40Ar-39Ar age method is emyed in this work to analyze the fluid inclusions of quartz in the ore bodies from Kuoerzhenkuola and Buerkesidai gold deposits in Sawur gold belt, northern Xinjiang. The results show that the main mineralization occurred in 332.052.02~332.590.51Ma and 335.530.32Ma~336.780.50Ma for Kuoerzhenkuola and Buerkesidai gold deposits respectively, indicating that the two deposits are formed almost at the same time, and the metallogenic time of the two deposits are close to those of the hosting rocks formed by volcanic activity of Sawur gold belt. This geochronological study supplies new evidence for determining the timing of gold mineralization, the geneses of gold deposits and identifies that in Hercynian period, the Altay developed tectonic-magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization of Early Carboniferous period, except known two mineralization periods including tectonic-magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization of Devonian period and Late Carboniferous-Permian period respectively. Key words: 40Ar-39Ar dating, volcanogenic late-stage hydrothermal gold deposit, Sawur gold belt Acta Geologica Sinica, 2005 792 276-285 Hongtao Liu (2005). Petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of late Triassic volcanics, Kunlun orogenic belt, western China: Implications for tectonic setting and petrogenesis. Geochemical Journal, Vol. 39, 1-20. Petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of late Triassic volcanics, Kunlun orogenic belt, western China: Implications for tectonic setting and petrogenesis Hongtao Liu Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China *Corresponding Author:  HYPERLINK "mailto:htliu@mail.igcas.ac.cn" htliu@mail.igcas.ac.cn, Tel & Fax: +86 10 6200739 Abstract The Qimantage volcanic suite (QVS) of late Triassic age, dominated by dacitic to rhyolitic lavas and pyroclastic rocks with minor basaltic andesites, outcrops mainly in the middle segment of Qimantage Mt. region, Kunlun orogenic belt, which extends along the northern margin of Tibetan plateau, western China. Petrological and geochemical studies indicate that the volcanic rocks are of typical calc-alkaline affinity with silica contents ranging from ~53 to ~80 wt %, exhibiting a medium- to high-K characteristics. Major element variations define relatively smooth compositional trends, while large ion lithophile (LIL) trace elements correlate positively with increasing SiO2. Chondrite-normalized incompatible trace element spidergram shows conspicuous sparks at Rb, Ba and Th, but pronounced Nb and Ti depletion. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of QVS are generally paralleled to each other, exhibiting highly fractionated LREE/HREE spectra with small to pronounced negative Eu anomalies. Two whole-rock Rb-Sr isochrons yield ages of ca. 209 and ca. 225 Ma respectively, indicating the volcanic suite was emplaced during the late Triassic. The initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.708 0.709) and initial Nd(t) values (-2.05 -2.35) imply that the magmas were derived from a slightly enriched mantle source with considerable crustal contamination. Considering its petrological, geochemical and isotopic characteristics in a regional geological background, it is proposed that QVS was generated upon an active continental margin during the late Triassic north-directed subduction event. Both the volcanics and the closely-related coeval granitoid plutons collectively make up the late Triassic arc magmatic belt on the paleogeographically southern margin of the Tarim continent. euQvV\0W:S[kxWN+kxWEmbNO)npmёw^ bwAmSONx0kx0Ŕ TMO } sZ1 2 sNl_1 2 ss_1 2 1gTs^1 f=N=N2 1. -NVyf[bwNDnxvz͑p[[ 100029 2. SNwN0W(xvzb 100012 Abstract: Homogeneous temperatures, decrepitation temperatures, gas and liquid components of inclusions, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, carbon isotope of inclusions of wall-rock and quartz, Sulfur isotope and Lead isotope of pyrite in ore body have been studied on the two typical shallow hydrothermal gold ore deposits in Junger area of Xinjiang Province, sulfur-rich style of Kuoerzhenkuona gold deposit and poor-sulfur style of shiyingtan dold deposit. It shows that ore-forming fluid is characterized in low temperature and low salinites and originates from recurrent meteoric precipitation. Sulfur isotope and Lead isotope of pyrite are all rooted in deep source that indicate plutonic gold source. And that 13C of CO2 fluid inclusions hosted in quartz is lower than  100 of organic carbon display that the sedimentary strata have involved into the gold-forming procedure. Another, this paper proves that the gold-forming fluids in the sulfur-rich Kuoerzhenkuona Gold Deposit has been mixed by intrusion magmatic hydrothermal fluid, possesses multi-metal ore-forming perspective in its deep part, low-temperature fluid has superposed frequently and gold mineralization is very strong, which shows that it is medium-scale gold deposit. However, that the ore-forming manner of sulfur-poor Shiyingtan Gold Deposit, without magmatic hydrotherm mixture, is simple, its low-temperature fluid function and gold mineralization is weak, proves that it is small-scale gold ore deposit. In general, it seems to possesse this rule that the stronger the low-temperature fulid activity, the more serious the gold mineralization is. Key words: Epithermal gold deposit, Ore-forming fluids, C0S0Pb isotopes Zhunger area, Xingjiang Xd [euQvV\0W:SEmbNO)npmWёw^-N[kxWv\wJёw0+kxWvwnёwۏLNAmSOSSOvGWN)n^0rˆ)n^0SSOlmvbR0H0O TMO }0wSOV\S wSSOC TMO }0wSO-NĞwI{S0Pb TMO }I{|~0WۏLNxvz0~Txvzhf ,g:S{|WёwbwAmSON,)n^NO0v^NO egn;N:N_sv'Yl4l0ww-NĞwvS0Pb TMO }GW:Nmn f:yёvmegnwSOwSSO-NCO2v13C:NNON-100 v g:gx S fN,g:St^{v[+T g:g(vly0WB\SNNёvbw0dkY ,ge!kcQN[kxW\wJёw^bwAmSO-N gOeQ\FmpmSN m gYё^\bw܏of+kxWwnёwl gOeQ\FmpmvSN bwNNkpq\Spm;mR gsQ vQbwUSN0dkY \wJёw-NNO)nAmSO;mR:_ ёwS_N:_ wnёwNO)nAmSO;mRv[1_ ёwS_N1_ _NSOsN{|Wёw^NO)nAmSO;mRv:_p ёwS:_vĉ_0 sQ.͋EmbNO)npmёw^ bwAmSO C0S0Pb TMO } euQvV\0W:S llDnxvz[ The background of geothermal field for the formation of abnormal high pressure in Northeastern Sichuan basin Lu Qing-Zhi1 Hu Sheng-Biao1 Guo Tong-Lou2 Li Zhong-Ping3 1 Institute of Geology and geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 2 Southern Exploration and Development Sub-company of SINOPEC, Kunming 650021, China 3 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Southwest Branch Company of SINOPEC, Chengdu 610081, China Abstract Based on available borehole temperature logs and the thermal conductivity determination of core samples in northeastern Sichuan Basin, 12 estimated terrestrial heat flow values are presented. The results show that the present-day geothermal gradients range from 18 to 25!/km, with an average of 21!/km, and that the paleo-heat flow varies from 41 to 57mW/m2, with a mean of 49mW/m2, which is much lower than the average value in the continental area of China. Thermal history reconstruction in northeastern Sichuan Basin using vitrinite reflectance data indicates that the maximum paleo-heat flow (62~70mW/m2) was reached at ~255Ma, and then decreased to the present, which is quite different from the Bohai Bay basin, eastern North China. The maximum erosion occurred on the Mesozoic-Cenozoic unconformity and reached as much as ~2100m. The abnormal high pressure in the area was formed under geotemperature background characterized by low paleo-heat flow. Key words: Geothermal gradient, Heat flow, Thermal history, Erosion thickness, Northeastern Sichuan Basin. A multisymplectic integrator for the periodic nonlinear Schroding equation Jing-Bo Chen, A multisymplectic integrator for the periodic nonlinear Schrodinger equation, Appl. Math. Comp. 170 (2005), 1394-1417. A multisymplectic integrator for the periodic nonlinear Scrhodinger equation is presented in this paper. Its accuracy is proved. By introducing a norm, we investigate its nonlinear stability. We also discuss the relationship between this multisymplectic integrator and two variational integrators which are derived by using the discrete multisymplectic field theory and the finite element method. Variational Formulation for the Multisymplectic Hamiltonian System Jing-Bo Chen, Variational formulation for the multisymplectic Hamiltonian systems, integ, Lett. Math. Phys. 71 (2005), 243-253. A variational formulation for the multisymplectic Hamiltonian systems is presented in this Letter. Using this variational formulation, we obtain multisymplectic integrators from a variational perspective. Numerical experiments are also reported. Euler-Lagrange Forms and Cohomology on Jet Bundles Jing-Bo Chen, Euler-Lagrange forms and cohomology groups on jet bundles, Chin. Phys. Lett. 22 (2005), 1858-1861.. Using the language of jet bundles, we generalize the definitions of Euler-Lagrange one-form and the associated cohomology which were introduced by Guo et al. Continuous and discrete Lagrange Mechanics and field theory are presented. Higher order Euler-Lagrange cohomology groups are also introduced. ]NS0W:S_8^ؚSb_bv0W)n:Ẁof bS^l1 #Wh1 d_|i2 Ng_s^3 1-NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b SN 100029 2 -NVwSN gPlQSWSeRc_SRlQS ff 650021 3 -NVwSWSRlQSRc_Sxvzb b 610081 Xd )R(uV]NS0W:Ss gvNKm)npencSKm[v\w7hTp[spenc {N12SNv'Y0WpAmf6q N/fYN TN$cSSb_SO6R N. v[NؚS\weg_v6k'`bGS,sS\Fm;mRg (~120 Ma)TvbGST_Y; v[NvQ[0W(USCQ, lbP[MRFQe&^0ĞùeTWSy\(W\Fm;mRgTsSbGSQtS0RNxppwˆS_\)n^(~110! )[^vm^. WNˆS_pencTvsQAr/ArTK-ArpencۏLvQtSS!jb~g>f:y: hQ:SGWhs:NvT\ꁻl:S0W@\, LN(gP 830011 Xd )R(u[&^AmRSQU_v0WPlTSl0Re 9hncN~T N~0WX^!jW [)Yq\-NSvQя0W:S1997~1998t^v0WۏLN͑e[MO N͑enx[vnSpe:NOncRgN0WXv;mR'`0nR^hf q\&^TQ萄v'YReˆ>f:yQ;mRva [N[)Yq\v0WXg SRw0Rf>fv\O(uTXbe 9\r^~eˆv;mRwQ gRkyr_vQNWSkNSWS)Yq\vReˆvMR;mRk1_ SkShTeˆvq_T;mR:_SY q\&^vg ;mR gTq\MRv0WnPenetration vR030~40kmm^v0W;mRhf )Yq\-N萄v0WX-N NB\N6qwQ gN[v4xˆagN [Nv^NXT^LuDяppbRvqR gsQ f:y\:\^0WT^[AmboAmB\ NmI{RR\O(uN(Wc~ۏL0 sQ.͋ )Yq\, 0W[MO, 0WX~g, nSpe ezS 0001 57332005 06 -NVR{|S P315 6e?zeg 2005 01 05 2005 06 306eO[?z ] z0W(N^(u0Wtirtxvz[ Digital Image Analysis of Dynamic Compaction Effects on Clay Fills R. L. Hu1; Z. Q. Yue2; L. G. Tham3; and L. C. Wang4 Abstract This paper presents the findings of a digital image analysis based study of clay fills, compacted with dynamic compaction for a building foundation in northeast Beijing, Peoples Republic of China. Three levels of compaction energy were used at three compaction pits, respectively. Ground settlements and soil density increased with the number of dynamic impact blows. Microstructures of dry clay fill samples from the pits were examined with a scanning electronic microscope _SEM_. Their microstructural parameters were further measured and analyzed quantitatively using digital image analysis. The clay SEM images are automatically converted into ternary images representing particles, pores, and contact zones for effective and efficient calculation of the clay microstructural parameters. The effect of dynamic compaction on the clay microstructural properties at different blow numbers and compaction energy levels is examined. Analysis revealed that the changes of the soil microstructural properties have a good correlation with the observed ground settlements at the three pits. The ground settlements are due to the size and shape changes and reorientation of the grain particles and pores of the clay fills. DOI: 10.1061/_ASCE_1090-0241_2005_131:11_1411_ CE Database subject headings: Soil compaction; Digital techniques; Imaging techniques; Clays; Soil stabilization; Fills. The 1786 earthquake-triggered landslide dam and subsequent dam-break flood on the Dadu River, southwestern China F.C. Dai a,b, C.F. Lee b, J.H. Deng c, L.G. Tham b a Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, PR China b Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, PR China c Wuhan Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China Abstract Chinese historic documents recorded that on June 1, 1786, a strong M=7.75 earthquake occurred in the Kangding-Luding area, Sichuan, southwestern China, resulting in a large landslide that fell into the Dadu River. As a result, a landslide dam blocked the river. Ten days later, the sudden breaching of the dam resulted in catastrophic downstream flooding. Historic records document over 100,000 deaths by the flood. This may be the most disastrous event ever caused by landslide dam failures in the world.Although a lot of work has been carried out to determine the location, magnitude and intensity of the 1786 earthquake, relatively little is known about the occurrence and nature of the landslide dam. In this paper, the dam was reconstructed using historic documents and geomorphic evidence. It was found that the landslide dam was about 70 m high, and it created a lake with a water volume of about 50106 m3 and an area of about 1.7 km2. The landslide dam breached suddenly due to a major aftershock on June 10, 1786. The peak discharge at the dam breach was estimated using regression equations and a physically based predictive equation. The possibility of a future failure of the landslide seems high, particularly due to inherent seismic risk, and detailed geotechnical investigations are strongly recommended for evaluating the current stability of the landslide. Keywords: Landslide dam; Breach; Flood; Discharge; Earthquake Geomorophology Mechanism of Uplift Deformation of the Dam Foundation of Jiangya Water Power Station, Hunan province, China Wu Faquan Qi Shengwen Lan Hengxing Geo-Engineering Center, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Beijing, P. R. China, 100029 Abstract Uplift deformation of Jiangya dam in Loushui river, Hunan province, P. R. China reached 28.4~32.6mm in two years and 5 months (December 1998~April 2001), which is rare in the world. A perfectly confined aquifer, Yuntaiguan hot aquifer, of Jiangya syncline is recharged at a remote wing and outflows at the wing in front of the dam in the reservoir where is 875m lower than the recharge point, and the increase of the reservoir water level dams up the head of the aquifer. The uplift deformation of the dam foundation has a spatial relativity with the outcrop of the top interface of the aquifer and a good time response to the fluctuation of the reservoir water level, indicating that the fluctuation of the reservoir water level is the dominant factor to the deformation. Numerical simulation shows similar spatial and dynamic regulations to the monitoring data, and simulation by circular fluctuation of the reservoir water level affirms that the uplift is an elastic deformation. Keywords: Jiangya dam, uplift deformation, mechanism Hydrogeology Journal Volume 13 Number 3 June 2005 Least-squares wave-path migration Yike Liu1 Hongchuan Sun2, Xu Chang1 Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China 2Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, 717 WBB, 135 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Received August 2004, revision accepted January 2005 Abstract We present a new least-squares migration method called least-squares wave-path migration. The proposed method combines an iterative conjugate-gradient solver with a stationary-phase wave-path migration operator. Numerical tests demonstrate that (i) least-squares wave-path migration is computationally more efficient than and almost as accurate as Kirchhoff least-squares migration, and (ii) many of the artifacts seen in wave-path migration images are suppressed after several conjugate-gradient iterations. Previous results have shown that 3D wave-path migration is up to 100 times faster than a standard 3D Kirchhoff migration, but sometimes at the cost of reduced quality.With the proposed least-squares wave-path migration method, the image quality in wave-path migration can be improved at an acceptable increase in computational cost. Geophysical Prospecting, 2005, 53, 811816 Three-Dimensional Velocity Images of the Crust and Upper Mantle beneath the NorthSouth Zone in China Yike Liu1, Xu Chang1, Jiankun He1, Futian Liu1, Hongchuan Sun2 1 Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029, China 2 The Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (H.S.) Abstract We have determined the three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure beneath the northsouth tectonic belt between Tibet and Eastern China by simultaneously inverting local, regional, and teleseismic data. Our data set is composed of 45,028 P-wave arrival times from 602 local and regional earthquakes and 985 travel times from 102 teleseismic events. With the LSQR (sparse linear equations and least squares) algorithm, the P-wave velocity perturbations were estimated by the simultaneous inversion of hypocenters and medium parameters from the surface to a depth of 200 km. We tested the stability and the resolution of our inverted results with a checkerboard test and found that the models are well resolved up to a depth of about 50 km for most parts of the studied region. Results show that the northsouth tectonic belt is characterized by a significant lateral heterogeneity in velocity both in the crust and in the upper mantle. Correlating these velocity images with the main tectonic features, we find that (1) the shallow velocity distribution above  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/math/sim.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 3 km is consistent with the topographic features and the basin distribution; (2) the middle-lower crustal velocities from 20 km to 50 km characterize a mechanically weak northsouth tectonic belt, because it bears a relatively lower-velocity perturbation over a large region; (3) the upper mantle velocities from 85 km to 120 km delineate the eastern Tibetan boundary, but changes in some subzones may reflect the effects of several tectonic events, including paleorifting, the Cenozoic convergence between Tibet and southeastern China and other tectonic episodes. (5)Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America Geometric tests and their application to fault-related folds in Kuqa Jian Chena,*, Huafu Lub, Shengli Wangb, Yanjun Shanga a Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China b Department of Earth Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China Received 18 March 2003; revised 26 March 2004; accepted 30 April 2004 Abstract For brittle rock deformation, there are two main types of fault-related folds found in foreland thrust belts, i.e. fault-bend folds and faultpropagationfolds. The predicted angular function for the quantitative geometric relationships between fault shapes and fold shapes in faultbend folds and fault-propagation folds have been tested in seismic profiles; i.e. Deep Bashijiqike, Tugeerming, Kashangtokai, East Qiulitage, Deep East Qiulitage and Yakelike fault bend anticlines and Bashijiqike, Yiqikelike and South Yiqikelike fault propagation anticlines in the Kuqa rejuvenated foreland thrust belt. Test results for the transformation from seismic-time section into seismic-depth section using the seismic velocity spectrum can be used to identify whether the interpreted structures are reasonable. With geometric analysis and testing of the subsurface structures, it is possible to predict the existence of the fault-bend folds and faultpropagation folds in the Kuqa area. This study provides convincing proof that the Kuqa basin is a rejuvenated foreland basin. q 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Fault-related folds; Geometric tests; Time-depth transformation; Foreland basin Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 25 (2005) 473480 Distribution of landslides adjacent to northern side of the Yarlu Tsangpo Grand Canyon in Tibet, China Yanjun Shanga, Heyong-Dong Parkb, Zhifa Yanga, Jie Yangc a Key Lab. of Engineering Geomechanics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China b School of Civil, Urban & Geosystem Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea c Department of Civil Engineering, Xian University of Science and Technology, Xian 710054, China Abstract This paper presents results of recent studies on distribution and category of landslides in one section of the Sichuan-Tibet Highway, adjacent to northern side of the Yarlu Tsangpo Grand Canyon, Tibet, Southwestern China. In the tectonic setting predominated by compression and strike-slipping, active faults are dominant and result in genesis of great alpine relief together with fluvial incision and unloading. In this section, with a distance of about 290km between Ranwu and Lulang, 34 landslides have occurred. Among them, the 12 large and super-large landslides comprise the most dangerous part of the highway system to road users over the past fifty years. The landslides usually occurred in slopes comprising moraine with a large thickness, fluvio-pluvial and lacustrine deposits and fractured rocks. Based on the examination of the physical geography, structural geology, Quaternary geology, stratigraphy and petrography, this paper presents the temporal-spatial distribution of landslides along the section and put out three types with respect to mechanism and composites of landslides.Type 1: Landslide initiated at high elevation and transformed into a distal debris flow damming river with a long re-action interval; Type 2: Landslide sapping aside streams, in different ranks of mass movements in disecting layers of moraines; Type 3: Landslide of fractured rock mass with quick translation movementsEach of the three types is presented by distinctive case examples. The type I is Yigong Landslide, the type II includes Dongjiu Landslide group, 102 Landslide group, Suotong Landslide group, Songzong Landslide, and the type III is Layue Landslide. A binary landslide, which is seldom seen in nature occurred in outlet of one creek under integrative function of fluvial incision and road cut, was also presented. They distributed in different parts of the area with characterized structural geology, topography and composites (gneiss and Quaternary deposits) with accumulative quantity between Suotong and Dongjiu. Most of them are with frequent and rapid translation, shallow shearing planes, various influential factors and unique triggering factors, and variable period of re-occurrence with a tendency of increasing magnitude. In this region six influential factors greatly contribute to their occurrence: a) intensive neotectonic movements, b) on-going alpine canyon relief, c) earthquake, d) heavy precipitation, e) stream erosion, and f) irrational human activities, to a certain extent. Mostly, the latter four factors play major roles in triggering landslides occurrence. The earthquake makes the rock and soil fractured and deformed, and tending to unstable, or cause earth-induced landslides. The stream erosion disturbs slope toes causing progressive upward failure. Road construction and deforestation decrease the natural slope stability. The heavy rainfall in monsoon seasons makes the soil saturated and shearing strength lower, and is mostly responsible for occurrence of landslides. Comments and suggestions on the physical measurements for remediation of landslides and safety of highway were also made.Keywords: Landslide; Type; Moraine; Rainfall; Highway; Tibet Environmental Geology Engineering geological zonation index from factors interaction matrix for evaluation of one section of Sichuan-Tibet Highway Yanjun Shanga, Hyeong-Dong Parkb, Zhifa Yanga a Key Lab. of Engineering Geomechanics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China b School of Civil, Urban & Geosystem Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744,Korea AbstractIn linear engineering projects such as the highway and railway in the northern Yarlu-Tsangpu Grand Canyon of Tibet that cross various geological and geomorphological units, it is necessary to carry out engineering geological zonation in advance because of the complicated and diversified engineering geological conditions encountered. Previous zonation was based on qualitative approaches with overview of regional physio-geographic and geological settings. Such an approach is suitable for a broad regional development plan. However it is not adequate for use in the remediation of the highway. In this paper, an interaction matrix approach was adopted and promoted to an Engineering Geological Zonation Index (EZI) for the semi-quantitative analysis of the data from the Basu - Linzhi section of the Sichuan-Tibet Highway in China. Eight zonations and 19 sub-zonations of the section were made and evaluated, in accordance with a qualitative evaluation procedure. The results of the research presented in this paper will provide useful information for future railway design and construction.Key words: Interaction matrix; Engineering Geological Zonation Index (EZI); Sichuan-Tibet Highway Geosciences Journal Swelling behavior induced by alteration in granite and its implications on underground excavation X.B. Tua,*, B. Jianb, S.J. Wanga, H.Y. Bianc, J. Wangb, S.G. Lib a Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China b Central-South Design & Research Institute for Hydroelectric Projects, China Hydropower Engineering Consulting Group Corporation, Changsha 410014, PR China c Underground Technology and Rock Engineering Program, Protective Technology Research Centre and School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore Received 15 November 2004; received in revised form 24 January 2005; accepted 25 January 2005 Available online 9 March 2005 Abstract Granite is commonly recognized as an ideal medium for underground construction. However, in the site investigation for Heimifeng Pumped Storage Power Station project, it was found that there are swelling behaviors induced by alteration in granite and eventually causing slaking and disintegration of rock blocks. The study shows that hydrothermal alteration in granite is primarily due to the intrusion of multi-phase igneous magma. The clay minerals, such as montmorillonite, chlorite, kaolinite, are the main causes for the swelling behavior of granite. In the exploratory adits, alteration was observed to occur mainly along faults or fractures in the rock masses and resulted in roof caving if water is present. Some of the highly altered borehole cores swell and crack within 24 h in water and eventually disintegrate completely. From the testing results on the samples, the maximum axial free swelling strain is about 1.2%, while the maximum axial confined swelling strain is around 0.1% with swelling stress less than 25 kPa. Under free swelling tests, 80% of swelling is completed within 24 hours. Under confined swelling condition, swelling process is completed within 1 h for some samples, with 80% of maximum swelling strain finished within around 22 h for most of the samples. Contraction of samples occurs after swelling completed. The strength of granite, reflected by deformation and elastic moduli, shear strength, decreases due to alteration. The deformation and elastic moduli are even lower compared to highly weathered rock. The shear strength is between that for highly weathered and slightly weathered rocks. The swelling characteristics of the altered rock resent great challenges for support or lining during construction and operation stages. Support or lining shall be in place immediately after excavation. Since the rock may swell when encountering water, the shotcrete shall be designed accordingly. During the construction of access tunnel and caverns, water shall be drained in time. Drainage directly from surface shall be avoided so as to prevent floor heave. _ 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Swell; Alteration; Granite; Hydrothermal alteration; Montmorillonite; Deformation modulus; Shear strength Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2005) 378 389 y\WKQ\vSHRIMP[t^SvQg aIN ё~Zm1 _e1 UO{vS2 >yR3 1-NVyf[b0W(N0Wtirtxvz@b, SN 100029 2-NVwlRc_Syf[xvzb, SN 100083 3-NVyf[bؚirtxvz@b 100039 1 Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100029 2 Chinese Petroleum Exploration and Development Academy, Beijing, 100083 3 Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100039 Jin W J, Zhang Q, He D F, Jia X Q. 2005. SHRIMP dating of adakites in western Qinling and their implications. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 21: Abstract There are a lot of granite from Xiahe to Lixian along the west Qinling which is of the adakite geochemical feature. The paper reports the SHRIMP dating of Yeliguan and Xiahe granite plutons. The SHRIMP ages are 2456 Ma and 2384 Ma respectively, belong to early Indosinian period. The adakite is rich of potassium, is classified by high potassium calc-alkalic series. Geology and geochemical data show that the adakite in the western Qinling was formed in the active plate margin, and was associated with the melting of thicken lower crust in the active crust margin. The dating implicated that the convergent and consuming of palaeotethys was processing at early Indosinian. 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